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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2011
After the Napoleonic Wars, central Europe frequently witnessed important diplomatic discussions, and cities such as Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, Carlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach served as the places for rendezvous of European monarchs and diplomats. Austrian Chancellor Clemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk Prince von Metternich-Winneburg played a leading role at these meetings between 1814 and 1822, and he particularly wanted them to take place in the territories of the Austrian Empire because he could therefore better control their course and exert influence over the events to an extent undoubtedly exceeding the real power of the state whose interests he advocated. This is exactly what happened after 1814, and the subsequent years were definitely the happiest period in the life of the man known for his extraordinary diplomatic talent as well as his vanity. It was all the more difficult for him to reconcile himself with the loss of the position of the “coachman of Europe” in the 1820s when the alliance formed by the five European powers (Great Britain, France, Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and Russia) failed to solve the Greek war of independence. The July Revolution of 1830 then created a gulf between the liberal and conservative powers, so that neither the willingness of the five powers to cooperate under his leadership nor the necessary conditions for his leadership existed in the 1830s.
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9 Sainte-Aulaire to Rigny, Vienna, September 25, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 421; Brockhausen to Frederick William III, Vienna, August 20, 1834, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6024.
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11 Metternich to Neumann, Vienna, June 9, 1833, HHStA, StA, England 204.
12 Sainte-Aulaire to Rigny, Vienna, September 25, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 421; Larochefoucauld to Rigny, Vienna, August 22 and 31, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 421.
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17 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, April 6 and 30, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71; Metternich to Hummelauer, Vienna, May 20, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, May 18, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426.
18 Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, June 5, 1839, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv in Munich (henceforth BHStA), Ministerium des Äußern (henceforth MA), Wien 2408. Metternich mentioned only four Great Powers because the fifth, Prussia, was just a name in this affair. Later, he brought this German power into the negotiations and talked about the discussions of the five powers. Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 24, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
19 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, June 4, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.; Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 29, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Metternich to Esterházy, Vienna, August 2, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225.
22 Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 626.
23 Metternich to Trauttmannsdorff, Vienna, May 22, 1839, HHStA, Staatskanzlei (henceforth StK), Preussen 172; Hasenclever, Die Orientalische Frage, 87.
24 Ingle, Nesselrode, 140.
25 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, November 2 and December 1, 1833, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 294; Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, July 25, 1835, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 298; Verger to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, October 15, 1835, April 19, 1836, BHStA, MA, Wien 2406; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, November 24, 1835, BHStA, MA, Wien 2406.
26 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, May 20, June 4 and 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Metternich to Hummelauer, Vienna, May 20, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, May 18 and June 3, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, June 5, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7345.
27 Guichen, La crise d'Orient, 31; Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 630.
28 Metternich to Esterházy, Vienna, June 1, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225; Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, June 1, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180.
29 Cetto to Ludwig I von Bayern, London, June 28, 1839, BHStA, MA, London 2234; Palmer, Alan, Metternich: Councillor of Europe (London: Phoenix Giant, 1997), 250Google Scholar.
30 Webster, Palmerston, Metternich, and the European System, 28.
31 Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 631.
32 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, June 3 and July 8, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426; Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, June 14, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180; Bockelberg to Frederick William III, Vienna, July 16, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032.
33 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, June 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315.
34 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, June 13 and 14, July 13, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315.
35 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, June 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115. Metternich to Trauttmannsdorff, Vienna, June 14, 1839, HHStA, StK, Preussen 172.
36 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, July 8, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426.
37 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, July 2, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, St. Petersburg, August 9, 1839, BHStA, MA, Petersburg 2727; Webster, Palmerston, Metternich, and the European System, 30.
38 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 14 and 21, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 24, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
39 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 21, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115.
40 For more on the second Turko-Egyptian conflict from the beginning until the late summer of 1839, see Kutluoğlu, The Egyptian Question, 133–149.
41 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, July 13, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 12, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
42 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, June 4, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426.
43 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 21 and 29, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Metternich to Esterházy, Vienna, July 3, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225; Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, July 3, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 24, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, June 4 and 27, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, July 21, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427.
44 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, June 29, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, July 21, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, June 30; July 1, 11, and 14, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 8, 12, and 16, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
45 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 21, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115.
46 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, June 29, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115.
47 Ordre chronologique de l'affaire Turco-égyptienne, HHStA, StA,Türkei VI, 72.
48 Kutluoğlu, The Egyptian Question, 146.
49 Stürmer to Metternich, Büyükdere, August 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 70.
50 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, July 24, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71.
51 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, August 2, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, July 21 and 24, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71; Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, July 30, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180.
52 Stürmer to Metternich, Büyükdere, August 10, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 70.
53 Stürmer to Bandiera, Büyükdere, August 13, 1839, attached to Stürmer to Metternich, Büyükdere, August 14, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 70.
54 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, July 24, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71.
55 Ibid.
56 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, August 7, 1839, von Metternich-Winneburg, Richard Fürst, ed., Mémoires. Documents et écrits divers laissé par le prince de Metternich, vol. VI (Paris: Plon, 1883)Google Scholar, 373.
57 Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, August 2, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180.
58 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, August 7, 1839, in Metternich-Winneburg, ed., Mémoires, 373.
59 Ibid., 374.
60 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, August 2, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 24, August 2 and 5, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, July 24, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; O'Sullivan to Meylandt, Vienna, August 8, 1839, Archives Diplomatiques et Africains in Brussels (henceforth ADA), Correspondances Politiques (henceforth CP), Autriche 6.
61 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, July 24 and 26, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; Bockelberg to Frederick William III, Vienna, July 26, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7346; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 2, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
62 Nesselrode to Butenev, St. Petersburg, August 28, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 70; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, August 7 and 9, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7347; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 11, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, August 8, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; Lorenz, Ficquelmont, 102.
63 Guichen, La crise d'Orient, 110; de Sainte-Aulaire, Louis, Souvenirs (Vienne 1832–1841) (Paris: Calman-Levy, 1926), 258Google Scholar.
64 Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, June 30, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180.
65 Martens, Fedor Fedorovic, Die russische Politik in der Orientfrage (St. Petersburg: Schmitzdorff, 1877), 36Google Scholar; Gorïanov, Serge, Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles. Étude sur la Question des Détroits (Paris: Plon, 1910), 59Google Scholar; Schiemann, Thedor, Geschichte Russlands unter Nikolaus I., vol. III (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1912), 386Google Scholar; Ingle, Nesselrode, 110; Rendall, “Restraint or Self-Restraint,” 52; Rodkey, The Turko-Egyptian Question, 99.
66 Hasenclever, Die Orientalische Frage, 45.
67 Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, March 12, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Sainte-Aulaire to Molé, March 9, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, March 10, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, March 12, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
68 Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, July 8, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 426.
69 O'Sullivan to Meylandt, Vienna, July 8, 1839, ADA, CP, Autriche 6.
70 Lorenz, Ficquelmont, 98–101.
71 Ibid.; Hasenclever, Die Orientalische Frage, 45.
72 Metternich to Kaisersfeld, Vienna, August 13, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 116; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, August 6 and 9, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7347.
73 Metternich to Kaisersfeld, Vienna, August 13, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Ficquelmont to Nesselrode, Vienna, August 7, 1839, Státní oblastní archiv in Děčín, Czech Republic (henceforth SOA), Rodinný archiv Clary-Aldringenů (henceforth RA C-A), 385.
74 Ficquelmont to Nesselrode, Vienna, August 7, 1839, SOA, RA C-A, 385.
75 Ibid.
76 Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, August 15 and 18, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 17, 1839, Geheimes Hausarchiv München, Nachlass König Ludwig I., I-XVI 301; O'Sullivan to Meylandt, Vienna, August 18 and 23, 1839, ADA, CP, Autriche 6; “Journal de la Princesse Mélanie,” in Mémoires, ed. Metternich-Winneburg, 327–330; Sainte-Aulaire, Souvenirs, 258.
77 Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, September 10, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, August 15 and September 10, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032.
78 Ferdinand I to Ficquelmont, Schönbrunn, August 20, 1839, SOA, RA C-A, 375; Metternich to Koller, Vienna, September 6, 1839, HHStA, StK, Preussen 172; Metternich to Maltzan, Vienna, September 9, 1839, Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, September 13, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032; Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, September 3, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180; Verger to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 31, September 9 and 14, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Louvencourt to Meylandt, Vienna, September 11 and October 3, 1839, ADA, CP, Autriche 6.
79 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, August 23 and 27, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71; Metternich to Esterházy, Vienna, August 26, 1839, HHStA, StA, England 225; Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, August 26 and September 10, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; Metternich to Ficquelmont, Vienna, September 6 or 10, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 115; Ficquelmont to Stürmer, Vienna, September 19, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 71; Ficquelmont to Trauttmannsdorff, Vienna, September 14, 1839, HHStA, StK, Preussen 172; Verger to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 31, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, September 9, 1834, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427.
80 Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, September 13, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MA I, 7348, and November 24, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MA I, 7350; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 22, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408; Guichen, La crise d'Orient, 133.
81 Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, August 5, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
82 Beauvale to Palmerston, Vienna, July 11 and 12, August 2, 1839, PRO, FO 120/180; Metternich to Apponyi, Vienna, July 3, 1839, HHStA, StA, Frankreich 315; Lerchenfeld to Ludwig I von Bayern, Vienna, July 12, 1839, BHStA, MA, Wien 2408.
83 Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, December 14, 1839, and January 1, 1840, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7351; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, Vienna, September 10, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427.
84 The record of the discussion between Prokesch and Metternich, Vienna, December 7, 1839, in von Prokesch-Osten, Anton Graf, Aus dem Nachlasse des Grafen Prokesch-Osten. Briefwechsel mit Herrn von Gentz und Fürsten Metternich, vol. II (Vienna: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1881)Google Scholar, 181.
85 Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, December 14, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7351.
86 Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 736–737.
87 Metternich to Stürmer, Vienna, November 5, 1839, HHStA, StA, Türkei VI, 72; Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, November 2, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 6032; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, October 31, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427; Louvencourt to Meylandt, Vienna, October 30, 1839, ADA, CP, Autriche 6.
88 Metternich to Kaisersfeld, Vienna, November 25, 1839, HHStA, StA, Russland III, 116; Sainte-Aulaire to Soult, October 31, 1839, AMAE, CP, Autriche 427.
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90 Louvencourt to Meylandt, Vienna, September 3, 1839, ADA, CP, Autriche 6.
91 Webster, Palmerston, Metternich, and the European System, 30–31.
92 Puryear, International Economics, 165.
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94 Gorïanov, Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles, 53.
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97 Maltzan to Frederick William III, Vienna, September 6, 1839, GStA PK, HA III, MdA I, 7348.
98 Clay to Forsyth, October 1, 1839, Rodkey, The Turko-Egyptian Question, Appendix, 251.
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