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Amygdala responses to threat in violence-exposed children depend on trauma context and maternal caregiving

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2021

Jennifer S. Stevens Open the ORCID record for Jennifer S. Stevens [Opens in a new window] ,
Sanne J.H. van Rooij ,
Anais F. Stenson ,
Timothy D. Ely ,
Abigail Powers ,
Aimee Clifford ,
Ye Ji Kim ,
Rebecca Hinrichs ,
Nim Tottenham  and
Tanja Jovanovic
Jennifer S. Stevens*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Sanne J.H. van Rooij
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Anais F. Stenson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Timothy D. Ely
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Abigail Powers
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Aimee Clifford
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Ye Ji Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
Rebecca Hinrichs
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Nim Tottenham
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY
Tanja Jovanovic
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
*
Corresponding author: Jennifer S. Stevens, email: jennifer.stevens@emory.edu
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Abstract

Early life adversity (ELA) has been linked with increased arousal responses to threat, including increased amygdala reactivity. Effects of ELA on brain function are well recognized, and emerging evidence suggests that caregivers may influence how environmental stressors impact children’s brain function. We investigated the hypothesis that positive interaction between mother and child can buffer against ELA effects on children’s neural responses to threat, and related symptoms. N = 53 mother–child pairs (children ages 8–14 years) were recruited from an urban population at high risk for violence exposure. Maternal caregiving was measured using the Parenting Questionnaire and in a cooperation challenge task. Children viewed fearful and neutral face stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Children who experienced greater violence at home showed amygdala sensitization, whereas children experiencing more school and community violence showed amygdala habituation. Sensitization was in turn linked with externalizing symptoms. However, maternal warmth was associated with a normalization of amygdala sensitization in children, and fewer externalizing behaviors prospectively up to 1 year later. Findings suggested that the effects of violence exposure on threat-related neural circuitry depend on trauma context (inside or outside the home) and that primary caregivers can increase resilience.

Keywords

amygdalahabituationmaternal bufferingresilienceviolence exposure
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , August 2023 , pp. 1159 - 1170
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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