Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-27gpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T16:27:35.449Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Long-term consequences of pubertal timing for youth depression: Identifying personal and contextual pathways of risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2014

Karen D. Rudolph*
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
Wendy Troop-Gordon
Affiliation:
North Dakota State University
Sharon F. Lambert
Affiliation:
George Washington University
Misaki N. Natsuaki
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Karen D. Rudolph, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 617 Psychology Building, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820; E-mail: krudolph@illinois.edu.

Abstract

This research explored sex differences in the pathways linking pubertal timing to depression across 4 years. A sample of 167 youth (M age = 12.41 years, SD = 1.19) and their caregivers completed measures of puberty and semistructured interviews of interpersonal stress and youth depression. Youth reported on psychological (negative self-focus, anxious arousal) and social–behavioral (coping) characteristics; parents reported on youths’ social–behavioral characteristics (withdrawal/social problems) and deviant peer affiliations. Early maturation predicted stable high trajectories of depression in girls; although early maturing boys showed low initial levels of depression, they did not differ from girls by the final wave of the study. Latent growth curve analyses identified several psychological, social–behavioral, and interpersonal pathways accounting for the contribution of pubertal timing to initial and enduring risk for depression in girls as well as emerging risk for depression in boys. These findings provide novel insight into multilevel processes accounting for sex differences in depression across the adolescent transition.

Type
Regular Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4–18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., Becker, A., Döpfner, M., Heiervang, E., Roessner, V., Steinhausen, H., et al. (2008). Multicultural assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology with ASEBA and SDQ instruments: Research findings, applications, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 251275. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01867.x Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.Google Scholar
Agoston, A. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2011). Transactional associations between youths’ responses to peer stress and depression: The moderating roles of sex and stress exposure. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 159171. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9458-2 Google Scholar
Alsaker, F. D. (1992). Pubertal timing, overweight, and psychological adjustment. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 396419. doi:10.1177/0272431692012004004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. American Psychologist, 54, 317326. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.5.317 Google Scholar
Benjet, C., & Hernández-Guzmán, L. (2002). A short-term longitudinal study of pubertal change, gender, and psychological well-being of Mexican early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 429442. doi:10.1023/A:1020259019866 Google Scholar
Benoit, A., Lacourse, E., & Claes, M. (2013). Pubertal timing and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: The moderating role of individual, peer, and parental factors. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 455471. doi:10.1017/S0954579412001174 Google Scholar
Blumenthal, H., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Babson, K. A., Gahr, J. L., Trainor, C. D., & Frala, J. L. (2011). Elevated social anxiety among early maturing girls. Developmental Psychology, 47, 11331140. doi:10.1037/a0024008 Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256259. doi:10.1037/0033–2909.107.2.256 Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M. P., Rosso, J., & Gargiulo, J. (1987). Validity of self-report measures of girls’ pubertal status. Child Development, 58, 829841. doi:10.2307/1130220 Google Scholar
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136136.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2008). A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on research in development and psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 2757). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children—Past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 402422.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Curtis, J. (2007). Multilevel perspectives on pathways to resilient functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 627629. doi:10.1017/S0954579407000314 Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Dawson, G. (2002). Editorial: Multiple levels of analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 417420. doi:10.1017.S0954579402003012 Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2007). Toward the application of a multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective to research in development and psychopathology. In Masten, A. (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 243284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316 Google Scholar
Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Powers, B., & Truglio, R. (1996). Modeling causal relations between academic and social competence and depression: A multitrait–multimethod longitudinal study of children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 258270. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.258 Google Scholar
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87 Google Scholar
Compian, L., & Hayward, C. (2003). Gender differences in opposite sex relationships: Interactions with puberty. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 7792). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, C. S., & Rudolph, K. D. (2009). The emerging sex difference in adolescent depression: Interacting contributions of puberty and peer stress. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 593620. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000327 Google Scholar
Conley, C. S., Rudolph, K. D., & Bryant, F. B. (2012). Explaining the longitudinal association between puberty and depression: Sex differences in the mediating effects of peer stress. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 691701. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000259 Google Scholar
Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976992. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.976 Google Scholar
Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., Connolly, J., & Henderson, K. (2001). Developmental context of peer harassment in early adolescence: The role of puberty and the peer group. In Juvonen, J. & Graham, S. (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 242262). Los Angeles: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009). Heightened stress responsiveness and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: Implications for psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 16. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000017 Google Scholar
DeRose, L. M., Shiyko, M. P., Foster, H., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2011). Associations between menarcheal timing and behavioral developmental trajectories for girls from age 6 to age 15. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 13291342. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9625-3 Google Scholar
Dorn, L. D., Susman, E. J., & Ponirakis, A. (2003). Pubertal timing and adolescent adjustment and behavior: Conclusions vary by rater. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 157167. doi:10.1023/A:1022590818839 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Strycker, A. L., Li, F., & Alpert, A. (1999). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 430457. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5 Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Horwood, L. J., & Swain-Campbell, N. (2003). Deviant peer affiliations and depression: Confounding or causation? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 605618. doi:10.1023/A:1026258106540 Google Scholar
Flynn, M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2007). Perceptual asymmetry and youths’ responses to stress: Understanding vulnerability to depression. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 773788. doi:10.1080/02699930600824635 Google Scholar
Flynn, M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2011). Stress generation and adolescent depression: Contribution of interpersonal stress responses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 11871198. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9527-1 Google Scholar
Foster, H., Hagan, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Growing up fast: Stress exposure and subjective “weathering” in emerging adulthood. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 162177. doi:10.1177/002214650804900204 Google Scholar
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (1996). Coming of age too early: Pubertal influences on girls’ vulnerability to psychological distress. Child Development, 67, 33863400. doi:10.2307/1131784 Google Scholar
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001a). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37, 404417. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.404 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001b). The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 4970. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Regnerus, M., & Cox, C. (2001). Pubertal transitions, perceptions of being overweight, and adolescents’ psychological maladjustment: Gender and ethnic differences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 363375. doi:10.2307/3090160 Google Scholar
Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003). It's about timing and change: Pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths. Developmental Psychology, 39, 430439. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.430 Google Scholar
Ge, X., & Natsuaki, M. (2009). In search of explanations for early pubertal timing effects on developmental psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 327331. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01661.x Google Scholar
Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (2006). Pubertal effects on adjustment in girls: Moving from demonstrating effects to identifying pathways. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 413423. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9049-2 Google Scholar
Graber, J. A., Nichols, T. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Putting pubertal timing in developmental context: Implications for prevention. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 254262. doi:10.1002/dev.20438 Google Scholar
Graber, J. A., Seeley, J. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2004). Is pubertal timing associated with psychopathology in young adulthood? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 718726. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000120022.14101.11 Google Scholar
Harden, K. P., & Mendle, J. (2012). Gene–environment interplay in the association between pubertal timing and delinquency in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 7387. doi:10.1037/a0024160 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harter, S. (1990). Developmental differences in the nature of self-representations: Implications for the understanding, assessment, and treatment of maladaptive behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 113142. doi:10.1007/BF01176205 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynie, D. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2006). Pubertal development and physical victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 335. doi:10.1177/0022427805280069 Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Wilson, D. M., Hammer, L. D., Litt, I. F., Kraemer, H. C., et al. (1997). Psychiatric risk associated with early puberty in adolescent girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 255262.Google Scholar
Heller, W., & Nitschke, J. B. (1998). The puzzle of regional brain activity in depression and anxiety: The importance of subtypes and comorbidity. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 421447. doi:10.1080/026999398379664 Google Scholar
Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioural and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 11851198. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x Google Scholar
Huddleston, J., & Ge, X. (2003). Boys at puberty: Psychosocial implications. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 113134). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Joinson, C., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Croudace, T., & Araya, R. (2011). Timing of menarche and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls from a UK cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 1723. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080861 Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Kosunen, E., & Rimpela, M. (2003). Pubertal timing, sexual behaviour and self-reported depression in middle adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 531545. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(03)00053-8 Google Scholar
Klein, D. N., Ouimette, P. C., Kelly, H. S., Ferro, T., & Riso, L. P. (1994). Test–retest reliability of team consensus best-estimate diagnoses of Axis I and II disorders in a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 10431047.Google Scholar
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, C. D. (2012). Neural systems supporting cognitive–affective interactions in adolescence: The role of puberty and implications for affective disorders. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6(65). doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00065.Google Scholar
Lee, J. M., Appugliese, D., Kaciroti, N., Corwyn, R. F., Bradley, R. H., & Lumeng, J. C. (2007). Weight status in young girls and the onset of puberty. Pediatrics, 119, e624e630. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2188 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, T. D., Bovaird, J. A., & Slegers, D. W. (2006). Methods for the analysis of change. In Mroczek, D. K. & Little, T. D. (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 181211). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, N., Rudolph, K. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2012). Other-sex relationship stress and sex differences in the contribution of puberty to depression. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32, 824850. doi:10.1177/0272431611429945 Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99128. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 Google Scholar
Marceau, K., Ram, N., Houts, R., Grimm, K., & Susman, E. J. (2011). Individual differences in boys’ and girls’ timing and tempo of puberty: Modeling development with nonlinear growth models, Developmental Psychology, 47, 13891409. doi:10.1037/a0023838 Google Scholar
Mendle, J., & Ferrero, J. (2012). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with pubertal timing in adolescent boys. Developmental Review, 32, 4966. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.11.001 Google Scholar
Mendle, J., Harden, K. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Graber, J. A. (2010). Development's tortoise and hare: Pubertal timing, pubertal tempo, and depressive symptoms in boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 46, 13411353. doi:10.1037/a0020205 Google Scholar
Mendle, J., Harden, K. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Graber, J. A. (2012). Peer relationships and depressive symptomatology in boys at puberty. Developmental Psychology, 48, 429435. doi:10.1037/a0026425 Google Scholar
Mendle, J., Turkheimer, E., & Emery, R. E. (2007). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with early pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Developmental Review, 27, 151171. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.11.001 Google Scholar
Morris, N. M., & Udry, J. R. (1980). Validation of a self-administered instrument to assess stage of adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 271280. doi:10.1007/BF02088471 Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2007). Mplus user's guide. Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Natsuaki, M. N., Biehl, M. C., & Ge, X. (2009). Trajectories of depressed mood from early adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of pubertal timing and adolescent dating. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 4774. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00581.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natsuaki, M. N., Leve, L. D., & Mendle, J. (2011). Going through the rites of passage: Timing and transition of menarche, childhood sexual abuse, and anxiety symptoms in girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 13571370. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9622-6 Google Scholar
Natsuaki, M. N., Samuels, D. V., & Leve, L. D. (2014). Puberty, identity, and context: A biopsychosocial perspective on internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls. In McLean, K. C. & Syed, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of identity development (pp. 389405). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Negriff, S., Hillman, J. B., & Dorn, L. D. (2011). Does competence mediate the associations between puberty and internalizing or externalizing problems in adolescent girls? Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 350356. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.01.006 Google Scholar
Negriff, S., Ji, J., & Trickett, P. K. (2011). Exposure to peer delinquency as a mediator between self-report pubertal timing and delinquency: A longitudinal study of mediation. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 293304. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000805 Google Scholar
Negriff, S., & Susman, E. J. (2011). Pubertal timing, depression, and externalizing problems: A framework, review, and examination of gender differences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 717746. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00708.x Google Scholar
Orvaschel, H. (1995). Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (Epidemiologic Version 5). Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University.Google Scholar
Paikoff, R. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent–child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110, 4766. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.47 Google Scholar
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 117133. doi:10.1007/BF01537962 Google Scholar
Petersen, A. C., & Taylor, B. (1980). The biological approach to adolescence: Biological change and psychological adaptation. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 117155). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Reardon, L. E., Leen-Feldner, E. W., & Hayward, C. (2009). A critical review of the empirical literature on the relation between anxiety and puberty. Clinical Psychology Review 29, 123. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.005 Google Scholar
Reynolds, B. M., & Juvonen, J. (2011). The role of early maturation, perceived popularity, and rumors in the emergence of internalizing symptoms among adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1407–22. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9619-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271280. doi:10.1007/BF00919131 Google Scholar
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141171. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642 Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D. (2008). Developmental influences on interpersonal stress generation in depressed youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 673679. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.673 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D. (2009). The interpersonal context of adolescent depression. In Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Hilt, L. M. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 377418). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D. (2014). Puberty as a developmental context of risk for psychopathology. In Lewis, M. & Rudolph, K. D. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 331354). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., & Flynn, M. (2007). Childhood adversity and youth depression: The role of gender and pubertal status. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 497521. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070241 Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., & Flynn, M. (2014). Adolescent depression. In Gotlib, I. H. & Hammen, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of depression (3rd ed., pp. 391409). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Flynn, M., Abaied, J. L., Groot, A., & Thompson, R. (2009). Why is past depression the best predictor of future depression? Stress generation as a mechanism of depression continuity in girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38 473485. doi:10.1080/15374410902976296 Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2010). Personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing: Predicting youth depression. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 433451. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000167 Google Scholar
Silbereisen, R. K., & Kracke, B. (1997). Self-reported maturational timing and adaptation in adolescence. In Schulenberg, J., Maggs, J. L., & Hurrelman, K. (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 85109). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., & Forbes, E. E. (2012). Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The social evaluative threat and reward processing. Psychological Medicine, 42, 20952107. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000207 Google Scholar
Silk, J. S., Siegle, G. J., Whalen, D. J., Ostapenko, L. J., Ladouceur, C. D., & Dahl, R. E. (2009). Pubertal changes in emotional information processing: Pupillary, behavioral, and subjective evidence during emotional word identification. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 726. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000029 Google Scholar
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290312.Google Scholar
Somerville, L. H. (2013). The teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 121127. doi:10.1177/0963721413476512 Google Scholar
Sontag, L. M., Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (2008). Coping with social stress: Implications for psychopathology in young adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 11591174. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9239-3 Google Scholar
Stattin, H., Kerr, M., & Skoog, T. (2011). Early pubertal timing and girls’ problem behavior: Integrating two hypotheses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 12711287. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9696-9 Google Scholar
Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Bearman, S. K. (2001). Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 37, 608619. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.608 Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Puberty: Its role in development. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Vol. 1. Individual bases of adolescent development (3rd ed., pp. 115151). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Taga, K., Markey, C., & Friedman, H. (2006). A longitudinal investigation of associations between boys’ pubertal timing and adult behavioral health and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 401411. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9039-4 Google Scholar
Weichold, K., Silbereisen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2003). Short-term and long-term consequences of early versus late physical maturation in adolescents. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 241276). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wichstrom, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232245. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232 Google Scholar
Williams, J. M., & Currie, C. (2000). Self-esteem and physical development in early adolescence: Pubertal timing and body image. Journal of Early Adolescence, 20, 129149. doi:10.1177/0272431600020002002 Google Scholar