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The Sons of Lycaon in Pausanias' Arcadian King-List*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

J. Roy
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Extract

Pausanias' Book viii on Arcadia contains at the beginning a list of Arcadia's early kings from Pelasgus onwards, and later in the book more information of a similar sort is attached to Pausanias' accounts of various Arcadian communities. This material has received considerable attention, notably from Hiller von Gaertringen, and there has recently been a full and careful examination by Hejnic of this ‘phenomenon quite unique in the whole ancient literature’. The main effort of modern analysis has been directed at establishing Pausanias' sources, and evaluating how far the form of the material is due to Pausanias' own redaction and how far to discernible earlier redactions, with the further hope of extracting from Pausanias' account an original core of material and using it to reconstruct Arcadian history, especially of the archaic period. It is the purpose of this article, apart from making a minor contribution to this process, to suggest that the form of Pausanias' material owes more to Pausanias himself, and therefore presents more serious obstacles to interpretation, than has been realized.

Here only one part of the material is examined, namely the sons of Lycaon. Pausanias' account of them is almost certainly drawn from Arcadian belief of his own day; the other main account of them, by Apollodorus, probably stems from a non-Arcadian literary development.

Type
Research Article
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 63 , November 1968 , pp. 287 - 292
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1968

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Footnotes

*

I acknowledge gratefully the University of Sheffield Research Fund's financial assistance in the preparation of this paper.

References

1 von Gaertringen, Hiller, Klio xxi (1927) 1–13 Google Scholar (after earlier studies); Hejnic, , Pausanias the Perieget and the archaic history of Arcadia (Prague, 1961)Google Scholar, the quotation being from p. 75. See also Jacoby, , Fragmente der griechischen Historiker III. B (Kommentar), Text, pp. 63–5Google Scholar and Noten, pp. 42–6.

2 Paus. viii. 6, 1; Apollodorus, , Bibliotheca iii. 96–9Google Scholar (8. 1. 1–2. 1). The analysis of Apollodorus' version by Wilamowitz, , Kleine Schriften v. 2, 152–6Google Scholar, depends on some very drastic textual emendation.

On the sons of Lycaon see Schmidt, , RE xiii. 2248 Google Scholar; to his list of 73 sons culled from different writers add Thyraeus (Paus. viii. 35, 7) and Ceteus (Ariaethus, fr. 2 (Jacoby)), and add references Paus. viii. 3, 4 (for Mantineus), 44, 1 (for Haemon).

3 Paus. viii. 3, 1–5. In the text 25 names are clear; in one lacuna (ibid. 3) the names Melaeneus and Haemon can be restored from Paus. viii. 26, 8 and 44, 1 respectively, while in the other (ibid. 4) there must clearly have stood the name of the oecist of Lycoa.

4 Paus. viii. 27, 2–5; on the text see von Gaertringen, Hiller, IG v. 2 p. xviii Google Scholar, and on the origins of the list see Hejnic, op. cit. (n. 1) 34–5. Cf. Diod. Sic. xv. 72, 4.

5 The references, apart from those to Pauly–Wissowa and to Hejnic, are to Callmer, , Studien zur Geschichte Arkadiens bis zur Gründung des arkadischen Bundes (Lund, 1943)Google Scholar; Frazer, , Pausanias' description of Greece, vol. iv (London, 1898)Google Scholar; Kahrstedt, , Das wirtschaftliche Gesicht Griechenlands in der Kaiserzeit (Bern, 1954)Google Scholar; Meyer, , Peloponnesische Wanderungen (Zurich and Leipzig, 1939).Google Scholar

6 On Iasaea see Fimmen, , RE ix. 751, 785.Google Scholar The site recently excavated by Romaios, at Analipsis, (BCH lxxxi 1957) 548 Google Scholar; lxxxii (1958) 713; lxxxi (1959) 628; lxxxvi (1962) 721), must be Caryae (see Bölte, , RE iiiA. 1308)Google Scholar, not Iasus as Romaios suggested; it has no connection with Iasaea.

7 Cf. the survey of Arcadian settlements in the Roman period by Kahrstedt, op. cit. (n. 5) 140–5.

8 On Bucolion see Th. iv. 134, 2; on Cypsela, Th. v. 33, 1–3; on Cretea, Hejnic, op. cit. (n.1) 20–1; on Pylae, , Meyer, , MH xiv (1957) 81.Google Scholar

9 Melaeneae: Meyer, , RE xv. 388 Google Scholar, Bölte, ibid. 388–90. Buphagium: Meyer, op. cit. (n. 5) 103–6.

10 Paus. v. 7, 1; viii. 26, 8.

11 Namely Acacesium, Aliphera, Asea, Charisia, Cromi, Dasea, Haemoniae, Helisson, Hypsus, Lycoa, Macaria, Maenalus, Melaeneae, Methydrium, Oresthasium, Pallantium, Peraetheis, Sumatia, Thocnia, Thyraeum, Trapezus, Tricoloni.

12 This Megalopolitan predominance was noted by Hiller von Gaertringen; Vollgraff (followed by Hejnic) argued against it that only 17 of the 27 foundations of Lycaon's sons were Megalopolitan (see Hejnic, op. cit. (n. 1) 87–8). These arguments did not take account of the fact that Haemoniae, Hypsus, Maenalus, Melaeneae, and Thyraeum were all Megalopolitan. The arguments depend, however, on the supposition that Pausanias recorded all the sons of Lycaon in whom Arcadians of his day believed; on this see below.

13 Paus. viii. 27, 5–6.

14 Paus. viii. 2, 1; 29, 5.

15 Paus. viii. 28, 4; 38. 3.

16 Cf. Hejnic, op. cit. (n. 1) 88, who considers that such a grouping would have been an acknowledgement of separatist tendencies. It would be more just to consider the rare adherence to a local eponym as separatist.

17 The version that Lycaon had 50 sons ( Apollodorus, , Bibliotheca iii. 96 Google Scholar; Tzetzes, , ad Lyc. 481 Google Scholar) is probably literary elaboration, but based on the belief that they were numerous. In another version (Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom. i. 11, 3) they numbered 22; this is possibly from Pherecydes (see Pherecydes, fr. 156 (Jacoby) with Jacoby's notes).

18 These are (with references to Paus, viii) Basilis (29, 5), Gortys (4, 8), Lycosura (2, 1), Parorea (35, 6), Phalanthum (35, 9), Teuthis (28, 4), Thisoa in Cynuria (38, 3), Zoetia (35, 6). The 22 founded by sons of Lycaon are listed in n. 11 above.

19 These are Acontium, Belemina, Brenthe, Callia, Cnausum, Dipaea, Dipoena, Eutaea, Iasaea, Leuctrum, Lycaea, Malea, Nonacris, Oeum, Proseis, Ptolederma, Thisoa near Orchomenus. Despite a lacuna in Pausanias' text the oecist of one Lycaea (or Lycoa) was clearly named at viii. 3, 4. Since Pausanias not only visited Maenalian Lycaea but described it as a polis (viii. 36, 7), whereas Cynurian Lycaea is mentioned only in the list of communities incorporated in Megalopolis (viii. 27, 4), the oecist probably belongs to Maenalian Lycaea.

On the impossibility of disentangling the names Lycaea and Lycoa, see Meyer, , RE xiii. 2229–31.Google Scholar

20 On Pausanias' travels and visits in Arcadia, see Regenbogen, , RE Supp. viii. 1036–7.Google Scholar

21 Paus. viii. 30, 1.

22 Paus. viii. 35, 7, 9; 36, 8.

23 Brenthe, Paus. viii. 28, 7. Communities incorporated in Megalopolis, ibid. 27, 3–4; Callia, Dipoena, and Thisoa by Orchomenus also appear in the adjacent list of Megalopolitan komai, ibid. 27, 7. Belemina in Pausanias' day was in Laconia; he mentions it in his description of Laconia without giving it an oecist (Paus. iii. 21, 3, cf. viii. 35, 4).

24 See e.g. Paus. viii. 35, 5–36, 1. The deviation to see Oresthasium (ibid. 44, 2) is a rare exception.

25 Trapezus, Paus. viii. 27, 5–6, cf. 29, 1; 31, 5. Also in ruins (references to Paus. viii): Acacesium (36, 10), Asea (44. 3), Basilis (29, 5), Charisiae (35, 5–6), Cromi (34, 6), Dasea (36, 9), Hypsus (35, 7), Lycaea in Maenalia (36, 7), Macaria (36, 9), Maenalus (36, 8), Melaeneae (26, 8), Oresthasium (44, 2), Parorea (35, 6–7), Peraetheis (36, 7), Phalanthum (35, 9), Thocnia (29, 5), Thyraeum (35, 7), Tricoloni (35, 6), Zoetia (35, 6.)

26 Paus. viii. 27, 7. Iasaea survived till 146, when it was destroyed, if it is the same as Iasus of Paus. vii. 13, 7; see Fimmen, , RE ix. 751, 785.Google Scholar

27 Apollodorus, , Bibliotheca iii. 97 Google Scholar; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀκόντιον.

28 With Paus. viii. 3, 3–4 cf. respectively 26, 1; 8, 4; 39, 2; 45, 1; 13, 3; 36, 1.

29 Paus. viii. 39, 2.

30 Paus. viii. 3, 1, 5; 4, 1. It is interesting that Pausanias' list of Lycaon's sons has only one such link with Italy; cf. Peucetius, in Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. i. 11, 3 Google Scholar, and Peucetius, Iapyx, Daunius in Nicander, fr. 25 (Jacoby).

31 This undermines the conclusions which Hejnic, op. cit. (n. 1) 80–4, seeks to draw from Pausanias'list of Lycaon's sons.

32 Paus. viii. 6, 1.

33 Effort has hitherto been directed at detecting the (fairly minor) comments which Pausanias added to the tradition rather than what he may have omitted from it; see, e.g. Hejnic, op. cit. (n. 1)6 ff., 75.

34 References in nn. 2 and 17 above.

35 Cf. Polybius' account of hymns and paeans about local heroes and gods taught to Arcadian children of his day (Plb. iv. 20, 8).