Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T09:52:51.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Learning to trust: social feedback normalizes trust behavior in first-episode psychosis and clinical high risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2018

Imke L. J. Lemmers-Jansen ,
Anne-Kathrin J. Fett ,
Esther Hanssen ,
Dick J. Veltman  and
Lydia Krabbendam
Imke L. J. Lemmers-Jansen*
Affiliation:
Department of Educational and Family studies, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Anne-Kathrin J. Fett
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, Great Britain
Esther Hanssen
Affiliation:
Department of Educational and Family studies, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dick J. Veltman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lydia Krabbendam
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, Great Britain
*
Author for correspondence: Imke L.J. Lemmers-Jansen, E-mail: imke.jansen@vu.nl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Psychosis is characterized by problems in social functioning that exist well before illness onset, and in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Trust is an essential element for social interactions that is impaired in psychosis. In the trust game, chronic patients showed reduced baseline trust, impaired response to positive social feedback, and attenuated brain activation in reward and mentalizing areas. We investigated whether first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and CHR show similar abnormalities in the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying trust.

Methods

Twenty-two FEP, 17 CHR, and 43 healthy controls performed two trust games, with a cooperative and an unfair partner in the fMRI scanner. Region of interest analyses were performed on mentalizing and reward processing areas, during the investment and outcome phases of the games.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, FEP and CHR showed reduced baseline trust, but like controls, learned to trust in response to cooperative and unfair feedback. Symptom severity was not associated with baseline trust, however in FEP associated with reduced response to feedback. The only group differences in brain activation were that CHR recruited the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) more than FEP and controls during investment in the unfair condition. This hyper-activation in CHR was associated with greater symptom severity.

Conclusions

Reduced baseline trust may be associated with risk for psychotic illness, or generally with poor mental health. Feedback learning is still intact in CHR and FEP, as opposed to chronic patients. CHR however show distinct neural activation patterns of hyper-activation of the TPJ.

Keywords

Clinical high riskfirst-episode psychosisfMRIsocial feedbacktrust
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , April 2019 , pp. 780 - 790
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, J and Addington, D (2005) Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: relationship to 2-year outcome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112(1), 40–46.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000) DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, vol. 75, pp. 78–85.Google Scholar
Ballon, JS, Kaur, T, Marks, II and Cadenhead, KS (2007) Social functioning in young people at risk for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 151(1), 29–35.Google Scholar
Berg, J, Dickhaut, J and McCabe, K (1995) Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior 10(1), 122–142.Google Scholar
Bora, E and Pantelis, C (2013) Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 144(1), 31–36.Google Scholar
Broome, MR, Day, F, Valli, I, Valmaggia, L, Johns, L, Howes, O, Garety, P and McGuire, P (2012) Delusional ideation, manic symptomatology and working memory in a cohort at clinical high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal study. European Psychiatry 27(4), 258–263.Google Scholar
Broome, MR, Fusar-Poli, P, Matthiasson, P, Woolley, JB, Valmaggia, L, Johns, LC, Tabraham, P, Bramon, E, Williams, SC and Brammer, MJ (2010) Neural correlates of visuospatial working memory in the ‘at-risk mental state’. Psychological Medicine 40(12), 1987–1999.Google Scholar
Broome, MR, Woolley, JB, Johns, LC, Valmaggia, LR, Tabraham, P, Gafoor, R, Bramon, E and McGuire, PK (2005) Outreach and support in south London (OASIS): implementation of a clinical service for prodromal psychosis and the at risk mental state. European Psychiatry 20(5), 372–378.Google Scholar
Brüne, M, Özgürdal, S, Ansorge, N, von Reventlow, HG, Peters, S, Nicolas, V, Tegenthoff, M, Juckel, G and Lissek, S (2011) An fMRI study of ‘theory of mind’ in at-risk states of psychosis: comparison with manifest schizophrenia and healthy controls. Neuroimage 55(1), 329–337.Google Scholar
Campellone, TR, Fisher, AJ and Kring, AM (2016) Using social outcomes to inform decision-making in schizophrenia: relationships with symptoms and functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 125(2), 310.Google Scholar
Cannon, TD, Cadenhead, K, Cornblatt, B, Woods, SW, Addington, J, Walker, E, Seidman, LJ, Perkins, D, Tsuang, M and McGlashan, T (2008) Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry 65(1), 28–37.Google Scholar
Corcoran, C, Kimhy, D, Parrilla-Escobar, M, Cressman, V, Stanford, A, Thompson, J, David, SB, Crumbley, A, Schobel, S and Moore, H (2011) The relationship of social function to depressive and negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychological Medicine 41(02), 251–261.Google Scholar
Cornblatt, BA, Auther, AM, Niendam, T, Smith, CW, Zinberg, J, Bearden, CE and Cannon, TD (2007) Preliminary findings for two new measures of social and role functioning in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33(3), 688–702.Google Scholar
Couture, SM, Penn, DL and Roberts, DL (2006) The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32(Suppl. 1), S44–S63.Google Scholar
Csukly, G, Polgár, P, Tombor, L, Réthelyi, J and Kéri, S (2011) Are patients with schizophrenia rational maximizers? Evidence from an ultimatum game study. Psychiatry Research 187(1), 11–17.Google Scholar
Declerck, CH, Boone, C and Emonds, G (2013) When do people cooperate? The neuroeconomics of prosocial decision making. Brain and Cognition 81(1), 95–117.Google Scholar
Demjaha, A, Valmaggia, L, Stahl, D, Byrne, M and McGuire, P (2010) Disorganization/cognitive and negative symptom dimensions in the at-risk mental state predict subsequent transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38(2), 351–359.Google Scholar
Derks, J (2015) Adolescent Social Cognition (doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Psychology and Educational sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Derntl, B, Michel, TM, Prempeh, P, Backes, V, Finkelmeyer, A, Schneider, F and Habel, U (2015) Empathy in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis: brain and behaviour. The British Journal of Psychiatry 207, 407–413.Google Scholar
Fehr, E and Camerer, CF (2007) Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11(10), 419–427.Google Scholar
Fett, A-K, Gromann, P, Shergill, S and Krabbendam, L (2015) Trust vs. Paranoia: The Dynamics of Social Interaction in Early and Chronic Psychosis, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN. OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND: OXFORD UNIV PRESS GREAT CLARENDON ST.Google Scholar
Fett, A-K, Shergill, S, Korver-Nieberg, N, Yakub, F, Gromann, PM and Krabbendam, L (2016) Learning to trust: trust and attachment in early psychosis. Psychological Medicine 46(7), 1437.Google Scholar
Fett, A-K, Shergill, SS, Joyce, DW, Riedl, A, Strobel, M, Gromann, PM and Krabbendam, L (2012) To trust or not to trust: the dynamics of social interaction in psychosis. Brain 135(3), 976–984.Google Scholar
Fletcher, PC, Happe, F, Frith, U, Baker, SC, Dolan, RJ, Frackowiak, RS and Frith, CD (1995) Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of ‘theory of mind’ in story comprehension. Cognition 57(2), 109–128.Google Scholar
Frith, CD and Frith, U (2006) The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron 50(4), 531–534.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Broome, MR, Matthiasson, P, Woolley, JB, Johns, L, Tabraham, P, Bramon, E, Valmaggia, L, Williams, S and McGuire, P (2010 a) Spatial working memory in individuals at high risk for psychosis: longitudinal fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 123(1), 45–52.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Broome, MR, Woolley, JB, Johns, LC, Tabraham, P, Bramon, E, Valmaggia, L, Williams, S and McGuire, P (2011) Altered brain function directly related to structural abnormalities in people at ultra high risk of psychosis: longitudinal VBM-fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45(2), 190–198.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Borgwardt, S, Bechdolf, A, Addington, J, Riecher-Rössler, A, Schultze-Lutter, F, Keshavan, M, Wood, S, Ruhrmann, S and Seidman, LJ (2013) The psychosis high risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry 70(1), 107.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Byrne, M, Valmaggia, L, Day, F, Tabraham, P, Johns, L, McGuire, P and Team, O (2010 b) Social dysfunction predicts two years clinical outcome in people at ultra high risk for psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Research 44(5), 294–301.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Nelson, B, Valmaggia, L, Yung, AR and McGuire, PK (2014) Comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders in 509 individuals with an at-risk mental state: impact on psychopathology and transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40(1), 120–131.Google Scholar
Gallagher, HL and Frith, CD (2003) Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2), 77–83.Google Scholar
Goldman, HH, Skodol, AE and Lave, TR (1992) Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. American Journal of Psychiatry 149(9), 1148–1156.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Horan, WP and Lee, J (2015) Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16(10), 620.Google Scholar
Green, MF and Leitman, DI (2008) Social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34(4), 670–672.Google Scholar
Gromann, PM, Heslenfeld, DJ, Fett, A-K, Joyce, DW, Shergill, SS and Krabbendam, L (2013) Trust versus paranoia: abnormal response to social reward in psychotic illness. Brain 136, 1968–1975.Google Scholar
Gromann, PM, Shergill, S, de Haan, L, Meewis, D, Fett, A-K, Korver-Nieberg, N and Krabbendam, L (2014) Reduced brain reward response during cooperation in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis: an fMRI study. Psychological Medicine 44(16), 3445–3454.Google Scholar
Hertwig, R and Ortmann, A (2001) Experimental practices in economics: a methodological challenge for psychologists? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(03), 383–403.Google Scholar
Horat, SK, Favre, G, Prévot, A, Ventura, J, Herrmann, FR, Gothuey, I, Merlo, MC and Missonnier, P (2017) Impaired social cognition in schizophrenia during the Ultimatum Game: an EEG study. Schizophrenia Research 192, 308–316.Google Scholar
Ising, HK, Kraan, TC, Rietdijk, J, Dragt, S, Klaassen, RM, Boonstra, N, Nieman, DH, Willebrands-Mendrik, M, van den Berg, DP and Linszen, DH (2016) Four-year follow-up of cognitive behavioral therapy in persons at ultra-high risk for developing psychosis: the Dutch early detection intervention evaluation (EDIE-NL) trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42(5), 1243–1252.Google Scholar
Jang, JH, Shin, NY, Shim, G, Park, HY, Kim, E, Jang, G-E, Kwon, SJ, Hur, J-W, An, SK and Kwon, JS (2011) Longitudinal patterns of social functioning and conversion to psychosis in subjects at ultra-high risk. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45(9), 763–770.Google Scholar
Johnson, ND and Mislin, AA (2011) Trust games: a meta-analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology 32(5), 865–889.Google Scholar
Juckel, G, Friedel, E, Koslowski, M, Witthaus, H, Özgürdal, S, Gudlowski, Y, Knutson, B, Wrase, J, Brüne, M and Heinz, A (2012) Ventral striatal activation during reward processing in subjects with ultra-high risk for schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 66(1), 50–56.Google Scholar
Kay, S, Fiszbein, A and Opler, L (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13(2), 261.Google Scholar
Kelleher, I, Keeley, H, Corcoran, P, Lynch, F, Fitzpatrick, C, Devlin, N, Molloy, C, Roddy, S, Clarke, MC and Harley, M (2012) Clinicopathological significance of psychotic experiences in non-psychotic young people: evidence from four population-based studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry 201(1), 26–32.Google Scholar
King-Casas, B, Tomlin, D, Anen, C, Camerer, CF, Quartz, SR and Montague, PR (2005) Getting to know you: reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange. Science 308(5718), 78–83.Google Scholar
Krueger, F, McCabe, K, Moll, J, Kriegeskorte, N, Zahn, R, Strenziok, M, Heinecke, A and Grafman, J (2007) Neural correlates of trust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(50), 20084–20089.Google Scholar
Lavoie, M-A, Lacroix, JB, Godmaire-Duhaime, F, Jackson, PL and Achim, AM (2013) Social cognition in first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research 209(2), 129–135.Google Scholar
Lemmers-Jansen, ILJ, Krabbendam, L, Veltman, DJ and Fett, A-KJ (2017) Boys vs. girls: gender differences in the neural development of trust and reciprocity depend on social context. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 25, 235–245.Google Scholar
Li, W, Tol, MJ, Li, M, Miao, W, Jiao, Y, Heinze, HJ, Bogerts, B, He, H and Walter, M (2014) Regional specificity of sex effects on subcortical volumes across the lifespan in healthy aging. Human Brain Mapping 35(1), 238–247.Google Scholar
Locey, ML, Jones, BA and Rachlin, H (2011) Real and hypothetical rewards. Judgment and Decision Making 6(6), 552.Google Scholar
Madden, GJ, Begotka, AM, Raiff, BR and Kastern, LL (2003) Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 11(2), 139.Google Scholar
Marjoram, D, Job, DE, Whalley, HC, Gountouna, V-E, McIntosh, AM, Simonotto, E, Cunningham-Owens, D, Johnstone, EC and Lawrie, S (2006) A visual joke fMRI investigation into Theory of Mind and enhanced risk of schizophrenia. Neuroimage 31(4), 1850–1858.Google Scholar
McCleery, A, Horan, WP and Green, MF (2014) Social cognition during the early phase of schizophrenia. In Lysaker P, Dimaggio G and Brüne M (eds), Social Cognition and Metacognition in Schizophrenia. pp. 49–67.Google Scholar
McGorry, P and van Os, J (2013) Redeeming diagnosis in psychiatry: timing versus specificity. The Lancet 381(9863), 343–345.Google Scholar
Milev, P, Ho, B-C, Arndt, S and Andreasen, NC (2005) Predictive values of neurocognition and negative symptoms on functional outcome in schizophrenia: a longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 162(3), 495–506.Google Scholar
Modinos, G, Allen, P, Frascarelli, M, Tognin, S, Valmaggia, L, Xenaki, L, Keedwell, P, Broome, M, Valli, I and Woolley, J (2014) Are we really mapping psychosis risk? Neuroanatomical signature of affective disorders in subjects at ultra high risk. Psychological Medicine 44(16), 3491–3501.Google Scholar
Möller, H-J, Llorca, P-M, Sacchetti, E, Martin, SD, Medori, R, Parellada, E and Group, SS (2005) Efficacy and safety of direct transition to risperidone long-acting injectable in patients treated with various antipsychotic therapies. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 20(3), 121–130.Google Scholar
Morosini, P, Magliano, L, Brambilla, L, Ugolini, S and Pioli, R (2000) Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101(4), 323–329.Google Scholar
Morrison, AP, French, P, Stewart, SL, Birchwood, M, Fowler, D, Gumley, AI, Jones, PB, Bentall, RP, Lewis, SW and Murray, GK (2012) Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: multisite randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 344, e2233.Google Scholar
Nelson, B, Yuen, K and Yung, A (2011) Ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis criteria: are there different levels of risk for transition to psychosis? Schizophrenia Research 125(1), 62–68.Google Scholar
Niendam, TA, Bearden, CE, Zinberg, J, Johnson, JK, O'Brien, M and Cannon, TD (2007) The course of neurocognition and social functioning in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33(3), 772–781.Google Scholar
Phillips, LJ, Nelson, B, Yuen, HP, Francey, SM, Simmons, M, Stanford, C, Ross, M, Kelly, D, Baker, K and Conus, P (2009) Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: study design and baseline characteristics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43(9), 818–829.Google Scholar
Pukrop, R, Schultze-Lutter, F, Ruhrmann, S, Brockhaus-Dumke, A, Tendolkar, I, Bechdolf, A, Matuschek, E and Klosterkötter, J (2006) Neurocognitive functioning in subjects at risk for a first episode of psychosis compared with first-and multiple-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28(8), 1388–1407.Google Scholar
Rietdijk, J, Klaassen, R, Ising, H, Dragt, S, Nieman, D, Van de Kamp, J, Cuijpers, P, Linszen, D and Van der Gaag, M (2012) Detection of people at risk of developing a first psychosis: comparison of two recruitment strategies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 126(1), 21–30.Google Scholar
Rilling, JK and Sanfey, AG (2011) The neuroscience of social decision-making. Annual Review of Psychology 62, 23–48.Google Scholar
Ruhrmann, S, Schultze-Lutter, F and Klosterkötter, J (2010) Probably at-risk, but certainly ill – advocating the introduction of a psychosis spectrum disorder in DSM-V. Schizophrenia Research 120(1), 23–37.Google Scholar
Saxe, R and Kanwisher, N (2003) People thinking about thinking people: the role of the temporo-parietal junction in ‘theory of mind’. Neuroimage 19(4), 1835–1842.Google Scholar
Shim, G, Kang, D-H, Sun Chung, Y, Young Yoo, S, Young Shin, N and Soo Kwon, J (2008) Social functioning deficits in young people at risk for schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42(8), 678–685.Google Scholar
Smieskova, R, Marmy, J, Schmidt, A, Bendfeldt, K, Riecher-Rossler, A, Walter, M, E Lang, U and Borgwardt, S (2013) Do subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis differ from those with a genetic high risk? A systematic review of structural and functional brain abnormalities. Current Medicinal Chemistry 20(3), 467–481.Google Scholar
SPM (2009) Statistical Parametric Mapping. London, UK: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging. Available online: www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm.Google Scholar
StataCorp (2013) Stata Statistical Software Release 13. TX: StataCorp LP.Google Scholar
Strauss, GP, Waltz, JA and Gold, JM (2013) A review of reward processing and motivational impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40(Suppl_2), S107–S116.Google Scholar
Thompson, A, Papas, A, Bartholomeusz, C, Allott, K, Amminger, GP, Nelson, B, Wood, S and Yung, A (2012) Social cognition in clinical ‘at risk’ for psychosis and first episode psychosis populations. Schizophrenia Research 141(2), 204–209.Google Scholar
Valmaggia, L, Stahl, D, Yung, A, Nelson, B, Fusar-Poli, P, McGorry, P and McGuire, P (2013) Negative psychotic symptoms and impaired role functioning predict transition outcomes in the at-risk mental state: a latent class cluster analysis study. Psychological Medicine 43(11), 2311–2325.Google Scholar
van den Bos, W, van Dijk, E, Westenberg, M, Rombouts, SA and Crone, EA (2011) Changing brains, changing perspectives the neurocognitive development of reciprocity. Psychological Science 22(1), 60–70.Google Scholar
van der Gaag, M, Nieman, DH, Rietdijk, J, Dragt, S, Ising, HK, Klaassen, RM, Koeter, M, Cuijpers, P, Wunderink, L and Linszen, DH (2012) Cognitive behavioral therapy for subjects at ultrahigh risk for developing psychosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38(6), 1180–1188.Google Scholar
van Os, J and Linscott, RJ (2012) Introduction: the extended psychosis phenotype – relationship with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38(2), 227–230.Google Scholar
van Os, J and Murray, RM (2013) Can we identify and treat ‘schizophrenia light’ to prevent true psychotic illness. British Medical Journal 346(jan18 1), f304–f304.Google Scholar
van Os, J and Reininghaus, U (2016) Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population. World Psychiatry 15(2), 118–124.Google Scholar
Van Overwalle, F (2009) Social cognition and the brain: a meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping 30(3), 829–858.Google Scholar
Velthorst, E, Fett, A-KJ, Reichenberg, A, Perlman, G, van Os, J, Bromet, EJ and Kotov, R (2016 a) The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 174(11), 1075–1085.Google Scholar
Velthorst, E, Nieman, DH, Becker, HE, van de Fliert, R, Dingemans, PM, Klaassen, R, de Haan, L, van Amelsvoort, T and Linszen, DH (2009) Baseline differences in clinical symptomatology between ultra high risk subjects with and without a transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 109(1), 60–65.Google Scholar
Velthorst, E, Reichenberg, A, Kapara, O, Goldberg, S, Fromer, M, Fruchter, E, Ginat, K, de Haan, L, Davidson, M and Weiser, M (2016 b) Developmental trajectories of impaired community functioning in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 73(1), 48–55.Google Scholar
Vlaev, I (2012) How different are real and hypothetical decisions? Overestimation, contrast and assimilation in social interaction. Journal of Economic Psychology 33(5), 963–972.Google Scholar
Voges, M and Addington, J (2005) The association between social anxiety and social functioning in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 76(2), 287–292.Google Scholar
Waltz, JA, Frank, MJ, Wiecki, TV and Gold, JM (2011) Altered probabilistic learning and response biases in schizophrenia: behavioral evidence and neurocomputational modeling. Neuropsychology 25(1), 86.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D (1997) WAIS-III Dutch Translation. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Wigman, JT, van Nierop, M, Vollebergh, WA, Lieb, R, Beesdo-Baum, K, Wittchen, H-U and van Os, J (2012) Evidence that psychotic symptoms are prevalent in disorders of anxiety and depression, impacting on illness onset, risk, and severity – implications for diagnosis and ultra-high risk research. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38(2), 247–257.Google Scholar
Wood, SJ, Yung, AR, McGorry, PD and Pantelis, C (2011) Neuroimaging and treatment evidence for clinical staging in psychotic disorders: from the at-risk mental state to chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 70(7), 619–625.Google Scholar
Woods, SW, Addington, J, Cadenhead, KS, Cannon, TD, Cornblatt, BA, Heinssen, R, Perkins, DO, Seidman, LJ, Tsuang, MT and Walker, EF (2009) Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: findings from the North American prodrome longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35(5), 894–908.Google Scholar
Woudstra, S, van Tol, M-J, Bochdanovits, Z, van der Wee, NJ, Zitman, FG, van Buchem, MA, Opmeer, EM, Aleman, A, Penninx, BW and Veltman, DJ (2013) Modulatory effects of the piccolo genotype on emotional memory in health and depression. PLoS ONE 8(4), e61494.Google Scholar
Yung, AR, Phillips, LJ, Nelson, B, Francey, SM, Yuen, HP, Simmons, MB, Ross, ML, Kelly, D, Baker, K and Paul Amminger, G (2011) Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra high risk for psychosis: 6-month analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72(4), 430.Google Scholar
Yung, AR, Phillips, LJ, Yuen, HP, Francey, SM, McFarlane, CA, Hallgren, M and McGorry, PD (2003) Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high risk (‘prodromal’) group. Schizophrenia Research 60(1), 21–32.Google Scholar
Yung, AR, Yung, AR, Pan Yuen, H, Mcgorry, PD, Phillips, LJ, Kelly, D, Dell'olio, M, Francey, SM, Cosgrave, EM and Killackey, E (2005) Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39(11–12), 964–971.Google Scholar
Yung, AR, Woods, SW, Ruhrmann, S, Addington, J, Schultze-Lutter, F, Cornblatt, BA, Amminger, GP, Bechdolf, A, Birchwood, M and Borgwardt, S (2012) Whither the attenuated psychosis syndrome? Schizophrenia Bulletin 38(6), 1130–1134.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lemmers-Jansen et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Lemmers-Jansen et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27.4 KB