¹ The inclusion of Ayr as well as Dumbarton, Glasgow, Renfrew and Lanarks is because the boilermaker's Clyde District included the Ayrshire ports. The use of the 1921 census probably results in an underestimate of the numbers employed during the war.

² McLean, Iain, The Legend of Red Clydeside (Edinburgh, 1983).Google Scholar The main texts criticised by McLean are Hinton, James, The First Shop Stewards' Movement (London, 1973)Google Scholar, and Middlemas, R. K., The Clydesiders (London, 1965).Google Scholar

³ Reid, Alastair, “The Division of Labour in the British Shipbuilding Industry, 1880–1920 with special reference to Clydeside”, (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1980)Google Scholar (especially chapter 7), and “Dilution, Trade Unionism and the State in Britain During the First World War”, in Tolliday, S. and Zeitlin, J. (eds), Shopfloor Bargaining and the State (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 45–74.Google Scholar

⁴ Board of Trade Labour Gazette, monthly 1914 to 1919.Google Scholar Some checks have been made using Public Record Office MUN 5/5 and MUN 1/15 [hereafter, PRO].

⁵ Craig, F.W.S., British Parliamentary Election Statistics, 1918–1945 (London, 1977), pp. 573–634.Google Scholar Additional information from the Call, Forward, and Govan Press. Maclean's votes in the Gorbals have not been included because it is not possible to make a direct comparison. In 1918 he was adopted as Labour candidate against Barnes, Coalition Labour, and gained 34% of the vote. In 1922, standing as Independent Communist, he gained 13% of the vote against the official Labour candidate with 54%. Nonetheless this result does tend to reinforce the point about continued radicalisation being most marked in the areas of heavy industry rather than inner city areas of Glasgow like the Gorbals.

⁶ Klugmann, James, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, Volume I (London, 1973)Google Scholar, Appendix II; Clark, Patrick, “The Greenock Labour Movement and the General Strike 1926” (BA dissertation, Economic and Social History, Strathclyde University, 12 1986).Google Scholar

⁷ An estimate of 30,000 has been made for shipbuilding workers on strike on 17 November 1915 based on the Official History of the Ministry of Munitions Volume IV (part ii), p. 105Google Scholar; and 50,000 for the May Days of 1918 and 1919 based on estimates of 100,000 attendance in Forward and Glasgow Herald distributed half and half between shipbuilding and other industries.

⁸ The strike at Singers has recently been more fully reconstructed by a team of research workers under the auspicies of the Scottish Labour History Society. Collins, Charles et al. , The Strike at Singers (Clydebank Public Libraries, Clydebank, 1989).Google Scholar

⁹ Strathclyde Regional Council Archives Clyde Shipbuilders Association TD 241/1/15, 13 July and 28 September [hereafter, CSA].

¹⁰ Official History of the Ministry of Munitions, Volume IV, pp. 50–55.Google Scholar

¹¹ PRO ADM 116/1608; Ministry of Labour, 12 02 1918.Google Scholar

¹² PRO ADM 116/1602; memorandum from Lynden Macassey, 24 04 1918.Google Scholar

¹³ PRO ADM 116/1609; memorandum from Macassey of 17 10 1917Google Scholar enclosed in a confidential report on Macassey from Lord Pirrie to Eric Geddes as First Lord of the Admiralty.

¹⁴ Eric Geddes, the First Lord, had shipping interests, Lord Pirrie, the Controller of Shipping, ran Harland and Wolff, James Lithgow, Henry's brother, was appointed Controller for Shipbuilding early in 1918. Macassey resigned.

¹⁵ PRO ADM 116/1608; 12 February 1918.

¹⁶ PRO MUN 2/28 Labour Reports, week ending 15 12 1917, p. 14.Google Scholar

¹⁷ PRO MUN 2/28, week ending 28 12 1917Google Scholar; 2/14, week ending 13 02 1918.Google Scholar

¹⁸ PRO MUN 2/14, week ending 2 February.

¹⁹ PRO ADM 116/1608; memorandum from Churchill, , 8 02 1918.Google Scholar

²⁰ PRO ADM 116/1608; Ministry of Labour, 12 02 1918.Google Scholar

²¹ PRO MUN 2/14, weeks ending 23 01 1918 and 2 02 1918.Google Scholar

²² PRO ADM 116/1608; Ministry of Labour, 12 02 1918.Google Scholar

²³ Forward, 12 01 1918Google Scholar; Call, 17 12 1917 and 20 01 1918.Google Scholar

²⁴ Finlay Hart, apprentice at John Brown's, Clydebank; taperecording by author in STUC archive; Gallacher, William, Revolt on the Clyde (London, 1979), p. 181.Google Scholar

²⁵ Forward, 26 01 1918Google Scholar; comment Call, 31 01 1918.Google Scholar

²⁶ Rubin, Gerry, War, Law and Labour; the Munitions Act, State Regulation and the Union 1915–1921 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 64–107Google Scholar, examines the arguments of shipyard workers attending tribunals in summer and autumn 1915.

²⁷ PRO MUN 2/14, weeks ending 23 01 1918, 13 02 and 20 02 1918.Google Scholar

²⁸ Call, 7 03 1918Google Scholar reports on conscription of militants in the yards.

²⁹ Forward for 01 02 and 03 1918.Google Scholar

³⁰ Call, 21 02 1918.Google Scholar

³¹ Glasgow Herald, 2 05 1918Google Scholar; Forward, 4 05 1918Google Scholar; Call, 26 09 1918.Google Scholar

³² This account is mainly taken from Strathclyde Regional Council Archieves TD 241/1/1 CSA minute book [hereafter, RD].

³³ Forward for 01 and 02 1919.Google Scholar

³⁴ Strathclyde RO TD 241/1/18, 30 01 1919.Google Scholar

³⁵ PRO CAB 23/9, 28 01 1919.Google Scholar

³⁶ PRO CAB 23/9, 30 January; Board of Trade Labour Gazette, 02 and 03 1919.Google Scholar

³⁷ Call 21 02 1918Google Scholar (letter from Caven, W.), and 8 08 1918.Google Scholar

³⁸ Strathclyde RO TD 241/1/18, 31 01 1919.Google Scholar

³⁹ Taperecorded interview by the author with Tommy Graham and Jimmy Ferguson (STUC archive); Shinwell, E., I've Lived Through It All (London, 1973) pp. 39–45.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Taperecorded interviews by the author with Bob Saunders, Jimmy Ferguson and Finlay Hart (STUC archive).

⁴¹ PRO MUN 1/17 Labour report for 31 01 1919.Google Scholar

⁴² MUN 5/18, 1 02 1919.Google Scholar

⁴³ TD 241/1/18, 14 02 1919.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Beardmores and Hendersons: Strathclyde RO TD 241/1/18,13 and 25 03 1919.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ TD 241/18, 24 04 1919.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ McKinlay, Alan, “The Depression, Job Control and ‘The Workers’ Foreman': Shipbuilding Riveters 1919–1935”, Scottish Economic and Social History, IX (1989).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Campbell, Alan, “From Independent Collier to Militant Miner”, Scottish Labour History Society Journal, XXIX (1989), pp. 8–23.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ McKinlay, Alan, “‘Doubtful Wisdom and Uncertain Promise’: Strategy, Ideology and Organisation 1918–1922”, in Morris, Richard and McKinlay, Alan (eds), The Independent Labour Party in Scotland (Manchester, 1990).Google Scholar I am grateful to Dr McKinlay for the Govan central branch reference (Glasgow ILP Minute Book, 17 01 1919Google Scholar, Mitchell Library Glasgow).

⁴⁹ Klyamkin, Igor, “The October Revolution and the Issue of the Subject in History”, Social Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences, 4 (1988), pp. 93–111.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Campbell, R.H., The Rise and Fall of Scottish Industry 1707–1939 (Edinburgh, 1980)Google Scholar; Melling, J., “Scottish Industrialists and the Changing Character of Class Relations in the Clyde Region”, in Dickson, T. (ed.), Capital and Class (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 61–142Google Scholar; Foster, J. and Woolfson, C., The Politics of the UCS Work-in: Class Alliances and the Right to Work (London, 1986)Google Scholar, especially chapter 3 “The Roots of Sectionalism and Solidarity”. All these texts examine the issue of regionality and the uneven development of capital in Scotland.

⁵¹ Sidney, and Webb, Beatrice, The History of Trade Unionism (London, 1920), pp. 428–440.Google Scholar

⁵² MacDonald, D.F., Scotland's Shifting Population (Glasgow, 1937), pp. 14, 77.Google Scholar

⁵³ Southall, Humphrey, “The Origins of the Depressed Areas: Unemployment, Growth and Regional Economic Structure in Britain Before 1914”, Economic History Review, XLI (1988), pp. 236–258.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Fraser, Hamish, Conflict and Class: Scottish Workers, 1700–1838 (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 170.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Mortimer, J., History of the Boilermakers' Society (London, 1973)Google Scholar; Campbell, Calum, “The Making of a Clydeside Working Class: Shipbuilding and Working Class Organisation in Govan”, Our History, 78 (07 1986).Google Scholar The latter uses the 1881 census schedules to examine occupational ethnic segmentation in shipbuilding.

⁵⁶ Tuckett, Angela, The Scottish Trade Union Congress: the First 80 Years, 1897–1977 (Edinburgh, 1986), pp. 26–41.Google Scholar I am also grateful to Angela Tuckett for transcripts of the STUC minute books.

⁵⁷ Holford, John, Reshaping Labour: Organisation, Work and Politics in Edinburgh in the Great War and After (London, 1988), pp. 63–99Google Scholar provides evidence which suggests that the pattern in Edinburgh, where much of the employment was non-industrial or in English managed railway companies, may have been closer to that south of the border; Englander, David, Landlord and Tenant in Urban Britain 1838–1918 (Oxford, 1983)Google Scholar, especially chapter 10, provides an important review of local tenant politics for the west of Scotland.

⁵⁸ These figures are calculated from the monthly returns in the Board of Trade Labour Gazette.

⁵⁹ Rubin, , War, Law and Labour, p. 62.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter and Patterson, Henry, The State in Northern Ireland 1921–72 (Manchester, 1980), chapter 2.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Payne, P., “Scottish Heavy Industry”, in Saville, Richard (ed.), Economic Development of Modern Scotland (Edingburgh, 1986), pp. 79–113.Google Scholar

⁶² Ribeill, G., Les Cheminots en Guerre, 1914–1920 (Paris, 1988)Google Scholar; Robert, J.-L., La Scission Syndicale de 1921 (Paris, 1980)Google Scholar; Cohen, Yves, “Peugeot et la région de Montbéliard, 1919–1922”, paper presented to the Colloquium on Revolutionary Movements, Graz, 1989.Google Scholar

⁶³ Koenker, Diane, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (Princeton, 1981)Google Scholar, and “Workers and Society in Revolutionary Moscow: Collaboration and Polarisation”, paper presented to the Colloquium on Revolutionary Movements, Graz, 1989.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Martin, Ron, “The Political Economy of the North South Divide”, in Lewis, Jim (ed.), The North South Divide (London, 1989), pp. 20–60Google Scholar for the definition of the industrial core as against the industrial periphery. An initial and now somewhat dated review of regional variations in the breakdown of the labour aristocracy can be found in Foster, J., “British Imperialism and the Labour Aristocracy”, in Skelley, J. (ed.), The General Strike of 1926 (London, 1976), pp. 1–57Google Scholar; an examination of the specific character of this formation in London is made in Foster, J., “How Victorian London preserved its Slums”, in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, III (1979), pp. 93–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁵ Melling, Joseph, “Work, Culture and Politics on ‘Red Clydeside’: the ILP during the First World War”Google Scholar, in McKinlay, and Morris, (eds), The Independent Labour Party in Scotland.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ The branch reports are drawn from a search of the Call from February 1916 to August 1919.

⁶⁷ For the economic class in Greenock, , 15 11 1917Google Scholar; for Paisley, Brown, James, “From Radicalism to Socialism: Paisley Engineers 1880–1920”; Our History, 71 (1980).Google Scholar