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  • Cited by 13
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139035040

Book description

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy initiated a bold new policy of engaging states that had chosen to remain nonaligned in the Cold War. In a narrative ranging from the White House to the western coast of Africa and the shores of New Guinea, Robert B. Rakove examines the brief but eventful life of this policy during the presidencies of Kennedy and his successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson. Engagement initially met with real success, but it faltered in the face of serious obstacles, including colonial and regional conflicts, disputes over foreign aid and the Vietnam War. Its failure paved the way for a lasting hostility between the United States and much of the nonaligned world, with consequences extending to the present. This book offers a sweeping account of a critical period in the relationship between the United States and the Third World.

Reviews

‘Historians of the Cold War have long criticized US leaders for unsophisticated and heavy-handed policies toward the Third World. Robert Rakove convincingly challenges this view, demonstrating that for a few years in the early 1960s, US decision makers embraced a remarkably nuanced, tolerant approach to India, Egypt, and other ‘nonaligned’ nations. The book fundamentally alters our understanding of John F. Kennedy and underscores the tragedy that occurred when subsequent presidents abandoned his approach. Anyone interested in the Cold War and the roots of present-day tensions between the United States and the developing world will gain much from this elegantly crafted, deeply researched study.’

Mark Atwood Lawrence - University of Texas, Austin

‘In recent years, the tangled course of the Cold War in the Third World has inspired a vigorous scholarly debate. This outstanding monograph, which examines the ultimately unsuccessful US efforts to gain the support and sympathy of the nonaligned nations, makes an essential contribution to that debate. Based on deep, multinational research, Robert Rakove’s authoritative study gives us the fullest and most sophisticated study yet of the uneasy encounter between the United States and the nonaligned movement during a crucial decade.’

Robert J. McMahon - Ralph D. Merson Professor, Ohio State University

‘The nonaligned movement was one of the most important developments of the Cold War, and yet, as Robert Rakove notes in this stimulating and fascinating book, historians have paid it very little attention. By examining the Kennedy and Johnson administrations’ approach to the nonaligned movement, Rakove helps fill a large gap in the existing literature.’

Andrew Preston - University of Cambridge

‘The best overview of US policy toward the Third World in the 1960[s] in existence - a true feat of scholarship and synthesis.’

O. A. Westad - author of Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750

'Robert Rakove has given us a precise and nuanced contribution to our understanding of how US foreign relations and the Cold War unfolded across Asia and Africa in the volatile and significant 1960s. All readers interested in the American relationship with the nonaligned movement will begin with this book.'

Thomas ('Tim') Borstelmann Source: The American Historical Review

'… makes a solid argument about the differences between Kennedy and Johnson and their approaches to foreign policy … Rakove’s book is exemplary and provides great insight … It will continue to provide a wealth of knowledge to scholars for years to come.'

Philip A. Goduti, Jr Source: Journal of Cold War Studies

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Contents

Bibliography

Archival Collections

United States

  • John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, MA

    • National Security Files

      • Countries

      • Trips and Conferences

      • Subjects

      • Meetings and Memoranda

      • William H. Brubeck

      • McGeorge Bundy

      • Robert W. Komer

    • Oral Histories

      • Averell Harriman

      • Howard P. Jones

      • Robert W. Komer

      • Walt W. Rostow

      • Phillips Talbot

      • G. Mennen Williams

    • Pre-Presidential Papers

    • Presidential Office Files

    • David E. Bell Papers

    • George W. Ball Papers

    • McGeorge Bundy Papers

    • Harlan Cleveland Papers

  • Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, TX

    • National Security File

      • Country File

      • Country File: Vietnam

      • Memos to the President

      • Name File

      • National Security Council Histories

      • Vice Presidential File

      • McGeorge Bundy Papers

      • Edward Hamilton Papers

      • Robert W. Komer Papers

      • Ulric Haynes Jr. Papers

    • Oral Histories

      • Lucius Battle

      • Chester Bowles

      • Michael V. Forrestal

      • Averell Harriman

      • Robert W. Komer

      • Dean Rusk

      • Harold Saunders

      • G. Mennen Williams

    • George W. Ball Papers

    • White House Central Files

  • Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, KS

    • John Foster Dulles Papers

    • Dwight D. Eisenhower, Papers as President, 1953–1961, Ann Whitman File

    • White House Office

      • National Security Council Staff: Papers, 1948–1961

      • Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs

    • White House Central File

  • National Archives, College Park, MD

    • Record Group 59

      • Department of State Central Files

      • Central Foreign Policy Files: 1963

      • Central Foreign Policy Files: 1964–1966

      • Records of the Policy Planning Staff, 1957–1961

      • Bureau of African Affairs

      • Bureau of European Affairs

      • Bureau of Near East/South Asian Affairs

    • Record Group 84

      • Guinea General Records

  • Bentley Library, Ann Arbor, MI

    • G. Mennen Williams Papers

  • Miller Center, Charlottesville, VA

    • Presidential Recordings

      • Kennedy Tapes and Dictabelts

  • Hoover Institution, Stanford, CA

    • Howard P. Jones Papers

  • Yale University Library, New Haven, CT

    • Chester Bowles Papers

United Kingdom

  • National Archives, Kew

    • Cabinet Office (CAB)

    • Commonwealth Office (CO)

    • Defense Office (DO)

    • Foreign Office Political Correspondence (FO)

    • Prime Minister’s Office Files (PREM)

France

  • Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Quai d’Orsay, Paris

    • Amérique, sub-series États-Unis, 1952–1963

    • Amérique, sub-series États-Unis, 1964–1970

    • Asie, sub-series Inde, 1956–1967

Germany

  • Politsches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin

    • Bestand Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten

    • B 1: Ministerbüro

    • B 34: Sub-Saharan Africa

    • B 36: Near and Middle East

    • B 37: South, Southeast, and East Asia

Government Publications:

United States

  • Department of State Bulletin

  • Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, for the Department of State)

  • 1948

    • 6: The Far East and Australasia (1974)

  • 1949

    • 7, Part I: The Far East and Australasia (1975)

  • 1952–1954

    • 12: East Asia and Pacific, Part 1 (1984)

  • 1955–1957

    • 2: China (1986)

    • 8: South Asia (1987)

    • 15: The Arab-Israeli Dispute, January 1 – July 26, 1956 (1989)

    • 18: Africa (1989)

    • 19: National Security Policy (1990)

    • 21: East Asian Security; Laos; Cambodia (1990)

    • 22: Southeast Asia (1989)

    • 26: Central and Southeastern Europe (1992)

  • 1958–1960

    • 14: Africa (1993)

    • 15: South and Southeast Asia (1992)

    • 17: Indonesia (1994)

  • 1961–1963

    • 2: Vietnam 1962 (1990)

    • 5: Soviet Union (1998)

    • 8: National Security Policy (1996)

    • 13: Western Europe and Canada (1994)

    • 14: Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962 (1993)

    • 16: Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey (1994)

    • 17: Near East, 1961–1962 (1994)

    • 18: Near East, 1962–1963 (1995)

    • 19: South Asia (1996)

    • 20: Congo Crisis (1995)

    • 21: Africa (1995)

    • 23: Southeast Asia (1995)

    • 25: Organization of Foreign Policy; Information Policy; United Nations; Scientific Matters (2002)

  • 1964–1968

    • 2: Vietnam, January-June 1965 (1996)

    • 3: Vietnam, July-December 1965 (1996)

    • 4: Vietnam, 1966 (1998)

    • 9: International Development and Economic Defense Policy; Commodities (1997)

    • 12: Western Europe (2001)

    • 18: Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1964–1967 (2000)

    • 19: Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967 (2004)

    • 21: Near East Region; Arabian Peninsula (2000)

    • 24: Africa (1999)

    • 25: South Asia (2000)

    • 26: Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines (2001)

  • Public Papers of the President: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1956. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957.

  • Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 3 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1962–1964.

  • Public Papers of the Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson, 5 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1965–1969.

Egypt

  • The Conference on the Problems of Economic Development. Cairo: Ministry of Information, 1962.

  • Second Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Cairo: Ministry of Information, 1964.

France

  • Documents Diplomatiques Français, 1961 to 1967. Paris: Imprimerie Nationle (1961–1963)/Peter Lang (1964–1967), 2000–2008.

Yugoslavia

  • Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries. Belgrade: Publicisticko-Izdavacki Zavod, 1961.

United Nations

  • Security Council Official Records. New York: United Nations, 1961–1966.

Memoirs, Diaries, and Contemporaneous Publications:

Attwood, William. The Reds and the Blacks: A Personal Adventure. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Badeau, John A.The Middle East Remembered. Washington: Middle East Institute, 1983.
Ball, George W.The Discipline of Power: Essentials of a Modern World Structure. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1968.
Ball, George W.The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.
Bowles, Chester.Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941–1969. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
Bowles, Chester.The Coming Political Breakthrough. New York: Harper, 1959.
Bundy, McGeorge.Friends and Allies.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 41, No. 1 (October 1962), 1423.
Bundy, McGeorge.The End of Either/Or.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 45, No. 2 (January 1967), 189201.
Dayal, Rajeshwar.Mission for Hammarskjold: The Congo Crisis. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Devlin, Larry.Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–1967. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007.
Dutt, Subimal.With Nehru in the Foreign Office. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1977.
Eisenhower, Dwight D.The Eisenhower Diaries, ed. Robert Ferrell. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
Galbraith, John K.Ambassador’s Journal: A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969.
Galbraith, John K.Letters to Kennedy, ed. James Goodman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Harsono, Ganis.Recollections of an Indonesian Diplomat in the Sukarno Era, ed. C. L. M Penders. Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1977.
Heikal, Mohammed.The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and his Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen. New York: Doubleday, 1973.
Hilsman, Roger.To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. New York: Doubleday, 1967.
Jessup, Philip C.The Birth of Nations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.
Johnson, Lyndon Baines.The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
Jones, Howard P.Indonesia: The Possible Dream. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1971.
Kennedy, John F.A Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 36, No. 1 (October 1957), 44–59.
Guthman, Edwin, and Jeffrey Shulman ed. Robert Kennedy In His Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years. New York: Bantam, 1988.
Macmillan, Harold.Riding the Storm, 1956–1959. London: Macmillan, 1971.
Macmillan, Harold.At the End of the Day. 1961–1963, New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
McNamara, Robert.In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Random House, 1995.
Morrow, John H.First American Ambassador to Guinea. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1967.
Nasser, Gamal Abdel.On the Consolidation of the Cause of World Peace. Cairo: State Information Service, 1967.
Nehru, Jawaharlal.India’s Foreign Policy: Selected Speeches, September 1946-April 1961. Bombay: Government of India, 1961.
Nehru, Jawaharlal.Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964, Vol. 5, 1958–1964. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Nehru, Jawaharlal.Jawaharlal Nehru’s Speeches, Vol. 4: September 1957-April 1963. New Delhi: Ministry of Information, 1964
Nixon, Richard M.RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978.
Nkrumah, Kwame.Challenge of the Congo. New York: International Publishers, 1967.
Nkrumah, Kwame.Kwame Nkrumah: The Conakry Years, ed. June Milne. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Panaf, 1990.
Nkrumah, Kwame.Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. New York: International Publishers, 1965.
Nkrumah, Kwame.Selected Speeches, ed. Samuel Obeng. 5 vols. Accra: Afram, 1997.
Nyerere, Julius.Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1956–1967. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Nyerere, Julius. “Tanzania Policy on Foreign Affairs.” October 16, 1967. Tanganyika African National Union National Conference. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Information and Tourism, 1967.
Rostow, Walt W.The Diffusion of Power: An Essay in Recent History. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Rostow, Walt W.The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. New York: Cambridge University Press,1960.
Rostow, Walt W., and Max Millikan. A Proposal: Key to an Effective Foreign Policy. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.
Rusk, Dean.As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Journals 1952–2000. New York: Penguin, 2007.
Sorensen, Theodore.Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History. New York: Harper, 2008.
Sorensen, Theodore.Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Williams, G. Mennen.Africa for the Africans!Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1969.
Wright, Richard.The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference. London: Dennis Dobson, 1955.

Interviews:

  • Thomas Cassilly

  • Ulric Haynes Jr.

  • Thomas Hughes

  • Jack Matlock

  • Elspeth Rostow

  • Harold Saunders

  • Phillips Talbot

Online Sources:

  • Declassified Document Reference Service

Secondary Sources:

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Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
Arora, B. D.Indian-Indonesian Relations. 1961–1980. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1981.
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