Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 22
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2009
Print publication year:
2009
Online ISBN:
9780511575389
Subjects:
Organisational Sociology, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Management, Sociology

Book description

Scientists in the biotechnology sector have developed a vast array of products and procedures, including drugs, diagnostics, agricultural products and veterinary procedures. This is made possible through various intra- and inter-organizational collaborations between the academic and private sectors, and through the establishment of networks for learning. In Networks for Learning and Knowledge Creation in Biotechnology, Amalya Lumerman Oliver shows how, in many respects, the organizational structure of the industry parallels one of its most important innovations – recombinant DNA (rDNA). She shows how the concept of recombination can be used to explain a number of organizational elements, including biotechnology firms, the form of university-based spin-offs, scientific entrepreneurship, and trust and contracts in learning collaborations and networks. The result is a stimulating account of how multiple theoretical perspectives can be used to understand the structure of the biotechnology industry.

Reviews

Review of the hardback:'This book makes a major contribution to our understanding of how networks and entrepreneurial action drive innovation. The book should therefore be of great value for scholars who are working in this area, but also for researchers, students, and practitioners who are interested in knowledge-intensive industries where networks and entrepreneurship dominates innovation and knowledge creation.'

Joseph Lampel - Professor of Strategic Management, Cass Business School

Review of the hardback:'This theoretical and empirical masterpiece impressively integrates multiple and cross-level analyses of new biotechnology firms. Amalya Oliver greatly extends our knowledge about intertwined networks among scientists, universities, start-ups, and big pharmas. Her rich and refined NBF model yields numerous unconventional insights into the tensions and dilemmas arising within learning alliances between academic norms about knowledge and market norms on profit. A judicious fusion of quantitative and qualitative methods discloses the centrality of trust relations for these managing the changing duality of competition and collaboration. Future analysts must reckon with this landmark study.'

David Knoke - Professor Sociology, University of Minnesota

Review of the hardback:'This is a progress-assessing and agenda-creating book in a number of respects. It bolsters the case for the importance of university research, especially of the top scientists, in stimulating and providing the knowledge base for commercial application of biotechnology and other new breakthrough technologies. Clearly, this is a book that will be appreciated by all working in the area of new technologies for its value in setting a clear agenda for the field and in providing tools that advanced students need to understand the development of new areas in science, technology, and industry.'

Lynne G. Zucker - Professor of Sociology and Public Policy, UCLA

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Abernethy, W. J. and Clark, K. B. (1985) Innovation: mapping the winds of creative destruction. Research Policy 14, 3–22.
Agrawal, A. and Henderson, R. (2002) Putting patents in context: exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Management Science 8, 44–60.
Aldrich, H. E. and Pfeffer, J. (1976) Environments of organizations. Annual Review of Sociology 2, 79–105.
Aldrich, H. E. and Zimmer, C. (1986) Entrepreneurship through science networks. In Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. W. (eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Ballinger Publishing.
Anderson, P. (1999) Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science 10, 216–232.
Anderson, P., Mayer, A., Eisenhardt, K., Carley, K. and Pettigrew, A. (1999) Introduction to the special issue: applications of complexity theory to organization science. Organization Science 10, 233–236.
Antonelli, C. (1999) The evolution of the industrial organization of the production of knowledge. Cambridge Journal of Economics 23, 243–260.
Argyres, S. N. and Liebeskind, J. P. (1998) Privatizing the intellectual commons: universities and the commercialization of biotechnology research. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35, 427–454.
Argyres, N. S. and Liebeskind, J. P. (2002) Governance inseparability and the evolution of US biotechnology industry. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 47, 197–219.
Ariao, A. and Torre, J. (1998) Learning from failure: towards an evolutionary model of collaborative ventures. Organization Science 9(3), Special issue: Managing partnerships and strategic alliances, 306–325.
Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1990) Complementary and external packages linkages: the strategy of the firms in biotechnology. Journal of Industrial Economics 38, 361–379.
Arora, A. and Gambardella, A. (1994) The changing technology of technological change: general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour. Research Policy 23(5) (September), 523–532.
Arundel, A. (2001) The relative effectiveness of patents and secrecy for appropriation. Research Policy 30, 611–624.
Arrow, K. (1962) Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In Nelson, R. R. (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bains, W. (1998) Genes to proteins in context. Trends in Biotechnology 16, 2–4.
Barley, S. R., Freeman, J. and Hybels, R. C. (1992) Strategic alliances in commercial biotechnology. In Nohria, N. and Eccles, R. (eds.), Networks and Organizations. Harvard Business School.
Barrett, F. J. and Cooperrider, D. L. (1980) Generative metaphor intervention: a new behavioral approach for working with systems divided by conflicts and caught in defensive perception. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 26, 219–239.
Baum, J. A. C. and Singh, J. V. (1994) Organizational niches and the dynamics of organizational mortality. American Journal of Sociology 100, 346–380.
Beckman, C. and Haunschild, P. R. (2002) Network learning: the effects of partners’ heterogeneity of experience on corporate acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly 47, 92–124.
Ben David, J. (1971) The Scientist's Role in Society: A Comparative Study. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bengtsson, M. and Kock, S. (2000) “Coopetition” in business networks – to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management 29, 411–426.
Berg, P. (1997) Interview conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Bergmann Lichtenstein, B. (2000) Self organized transitions: a pattern amid the chaos of transformative change. Academy of Management Executive 14, 128–141.
Bok, D. (1981) President's report: business and the academy. Harvard Magazine May–June, 23–35.
Boyer, P. (1997) Interview by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Brandenburger, A. M. and Nalebuff, B. J. (1996) Co-opetition. Doubleday.
Bozeman, B., Laredo, P. and Mangematin, V. (2007) Introduction: understanding the emergence and deployment of “nano” S&T. Research Policy 36, 807–812.
Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. (1992) Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. University of Chicago Press.
Bradach, J. and Eccles, R. (1989) Price, authority, and trust: from ideal types to plural forms. Annual Review of Sociology 15, 97–118.
Broekstra, G. (1996) The triune-brain metaphor: the evolution of the living linear. In Grant, D. and Oswick, C. (eds.), Metaphors and Organizations. Sage.
Burrill, S. G. and Lee, K. B. (1989) Biotech 89: Commercialization. Ernst & Young.
Burt, R. S. (2005) Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford University Press.
Callon, M. (1998a) Introduction: the embeddedness of economic markets in economics. In Callon, M. (ed.), The Laws of the Markets. Blackwell Publishers/Sociological Review.
Callon, M. (1998b) An essay on framing and overflowing: economic externalities revisited by sociology. In Callon, M. (ed.), The Laws of the Markets. Blackwell Publishers/Sociological Review.
Cambrosio, A. and Keating, P. (1995) Exquisite Specificity: The Monoclonal Antibody Revolution. Oxford University Press.
Cardinal, L. B., Alessandri, T. M. and Turner, S. F. (2001) Knowledge codifiability, resource, and science-based innovation. Journal of Knowledge Management 5, 195–204.
Carroll, G. (1984) Organizational ecology. In Turner, R. H. and Short, J. F. (eds.), Annual Review of Sociology. Annual Review, Inc.
Casper, S. and Kettler, H. (2001) National institutional frameworks and the hybridization of entrepreneurial business models: the German and UK biotechnology sectors. Industry and Innovation 8, 5–30.
Casper, S. and Whitley, R. (2004) Managing competences in entrepreneurial technology firms: a comparative institutional analysis of Germany, Sweden and the UK. Research Policy 33, 89–106.
Casper, S., Lehrer, M. and Soskice, D. (1999) Can high-technology industries prosper in Germany? Institutional frameworks and the evolution of the German software and biotechnology industries. Industry and Innovation 6, 5–24.
Chandler, A. (1962) Strategy and Culture. MIT Press.
Child, J. and Faulkner, D. (1998) Strategies of Co-operation: Managing Alliances, Networks, and Joint Ventures. Oxford University Press.
Clarke-Hill, C., Li, H. and Davies, B. (2003) The paradox of co-operation and competition in strategic alliances: towards a multi-paradigm approach. Management Research News 26, 1–20.
Clegg, S. R. and Gray, J. T. (1996) Metaphors in organizational research: of embedded embryos, paradigms and powerful people. In Grant, D. and Oswick, C. (eds.), Metaphors and Organizations. Sage.
Coase, R. (1960) The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics 3, 1–44.
Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C. Y., Boyer, H. W. and Helling, R. B. (1973) Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 70, 3240–3244.
Cohen, W. M. and Levinthal, D. A. (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 35, 128–153.
Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R. and Walsh, J. P. (2000) Protecting their intellectual assets: appropriability conditions and why US manufacturing firms patent (or not). National Bureau of Economic Research, working chapter #7552.
Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R. and Walsh, J. P. (2002) Links and impacts: the influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Science 48, 1–23.
Coleman, J. S. (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology 94, S95–S121.
Coleman, J. S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Belknap Press of Harvard.
Colyvas, J., Crow, M., Gelijns, A., Mazzoleni, R., Nelson, R. R., Rosenberg, N. and Sampat, B. M. (2002) How do university inventions get into practice?Management Science 48, 61–72.
Cooke, P., Kaufmann, D., Levin, C. and Wilson, R. (2006) The biosciences knowledge value chain and comparative incubation models. Journal of Technology Transfer 31, 115–129.
Coriat, B. and Orsi, F. (2002) Establishing a new intellectual property rights regime in the United States: origins, content and problems. Research Policy 31, 1491–1507.
Corolleur, C. D. F., Carrere, M. and Mangematin, V. (2004) Turning scientific and technological human capital into economic capital: the experience of biotech start-ups in France. Research Policy 33, 631–642.
Crane, D. (1968) Social structure in a group of scientists: a test of the “invisible college” hypothesis. American Sociological Review 34, 335–352.
Crane, D. (1972) Invisible Colleges – Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities. University of Chicago Press.
Danzon, P. M., Epstein, A. and Nicholson, S. (2004) Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 10536, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. (Available at: www.nber.org/papers/w10536).
Darby, M. R. and Zucker, L. G. (2002) Going public when you can in biotechnology. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper W8954.
Das, P. S., Sen, P. and Beal, D. B. (1998) Impact of strategic alliances on firm valuation. Academy of Management Journal 41, 27–41.
Das, T. K. and Teng, B. S. (2000) Instabilities of strategic alliances: an internal tensions perspective. Organization Science 11, 77–101.
Dasgupta, P. (1988) Trust as a commodity. In Gambetta, D. (ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Basil Blackwell.
Dasgupta, P. and David, P. A. (1987) Information disclosure and the economics of science and technology. In Feiwel, G. (ed.), Arrow and the Ascent of Modern Economic Theory. MacMillan Press.
David, P. A. (1992) Path-dependence in economic processes: implications for policy analysis in dynamical systems contexts. Discussion paper, Center for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University.
David, P. A., Mowery, D. and Steinmueller, W. E. (1992) Analysing the economic payoffs from basic research. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 2, 73–90.
DeCenzo, and Robbins, (1996) Human Resource Management. John Wiley & Sons.
Deutschman, A. (1994) The managing wisdom of hightech superstars. Fortune, October 17, 197–205.
Djerassi, C. (1993) Policy forum – basic research: the gray zone. Science 261, 972–973.
Dodgson, M. (1993) Organizational learning: a review of some literatures. Organization Studies 14, 375–394.
Doving, E. (1996) In the image of man: organizational action, competence and learning. In Grant, D. and Oswick, C. (eds.), Metaphors and Organizations. Sage.
Eisenberg, R. (1987) Proprietary rights and the norms of science in biotechnology research. Yale Law Journal 97, 177–231.
Eisenberg, R. (1996) Public research and private development: patents and technology transfer in government-sponsored research. Virginia Law 82, 1663–1727.
Eisenberg, R. and Nelson, R. R. (2002) Public vs. proprietary science: a fruitful tension?Daedalus 131, 89–102.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review 14, 532–550.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and Shoonhoven, C. B. (1996) Resource based view of strategic alliance formation: strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms. Organization Science 10, 136–150.
Etzkowitz, H. (1998) The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university–industry linkages. Research Policy 27, 823–833.
Etzkowitz, H. (1999) Bridging the gap: the evolution of industry–university links in the United States. In Branscomb, L. and Kodama, F. (eds.), Industrialized Knowledge: University–Industry Linkages in Japan and in the United States. MIT Press.
Etzkowitz, H. (2002) MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science. Routledge.
Etzkowitz, H. (2003) Triple Helix: A Manifesto to Innovation, Incubation and Growth. SNS Press.
Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (2000) The dynamic of innovation: from national systems and “Mode 2” to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy 29, 109–123.
Etzkowitz, H. and Webster, A. (1998) Entrepreneurial science: the second academic revolution. In Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A. and Healey, P. (eds.). Capitalizing Knowledge: New Intersections of Industry and Academia. SUNY Series, Frontiers in Education.
Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A. and Healey, P. (eds.) (1998) Capitalizing Knowledge: New Intersections of Industry and Academia. SUNY Series, Frontiers in Education.
Etzkowitz, H. A., Webster, C., Gebhardt, B. and Terra, R. C. (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy 29, 313–330.
Feldman, M. (2003) The locational dynamics of the US biotech industry: knowledge externalities and the anchor hypothesis. Industry and Innovation 10, 311–328.
Feldman, M. P. and Francis, J. K. (2004) Homegrown solutions: fostering cluster formation. Economic Development Quarterly 18, 127–137.
Fligstein, N. (1985) The spread of the multidivisional form among large firms, 1919–1979. American Sociological Review 50, 377–391.
Foschi, M. (1991) Gender and double standards for competence. In Ridgeway, C. (ed.), Gender, Interaction and Inequality. Springer-Verlag.
Friedkin, N. E. (1978) University social structure and social networks among scientists. American Journal of Sociology 83, 1444–1465.
Friedman, J. and Silberman, J. (2003) University technology transfer: do incentives, management, and location matter?Journal of Technology Transfer 28, 81–85.
Fukuyama, F. (1995) Trust. Free Press.
Galambos, L. and Sturchio, J. L. (1998) Pharmaceutical firms and the transition to biotechnology: a study in strategic innovation. Business History Review 72, 250–278.
Gambetta, D. (1988) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Basil Blackwell.
Gilseng, V. and Nooteboom, B. (2005) Density and strength of ties in innovation networks: an analysis of multimedia and biotechnology. European Management Review 3, 179–197.
Gittelman, M. and Kogut, B. (2003) Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Science 49, 366.
Gnyawali, D. R. and Madhavan, R. (2001) Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics: a structural embeddedness perspective. Academy of Management Review 26, 431–445.
Granovetter, M. (1985) Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91, 481–510.
Grant, D. and Oswick, C. (1996) Introduction: Getting the Measure of Metaphors. In Grant, D. and Oswick, C. (eds.), Metaphors and Organizations. Sage.
Grant, M. (1996) Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 17, special issue “Knowledge and the Firm.”
Grant, R. M. and Baden-Fuller, C. (2004) A knowledge accessing theory of strategic alliances. Journal of Management Studies 41, 61–84.
Gulati, R. (1995) Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances. Academy of Management Journal 38, 85–112.
Gulati, R. (1998) Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal 19, 293–317.
Gulati, R. and Higgins, M. C. (2003) Which ties matter when? The contingent effects of interorganizational partnerships on IPO success. Strategic Management Journal 24, 127–144.
Gulati, R., Khanna, T. and Nohria, N. (1994) Unilateral commitments and the importance of process in alliances. Sloan Management Review 35, 61–70.
Gulbrandsen, M. and Smeby, J.-C. (2005) Industry funding and university professors’ research performance. Research Policy 34, 932–950.
Hackett, E. J. (1990) Science as a vocation in 1990: the changing organizational culture of academic science. Journal of Higher Education 61, 241–279.
Hagedoorn, J. (1993) Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: interorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences. In Grabher, G. (ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks. Routledge.
Hagedoorn, J. (2002) Inter-firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960. Research Policy 31, 477–492.
Hagedoorn, J. (2006) Understanding the cross-level embeddedness of interfirm partnership formation. Academy of Management Review 31, 670–680.
Hagedoorn, J. and Duysters, G. (2003) Learning in dynamic inter-firm networks: the efficacy of multiple contacts. Organization Studies 23, 525–548.
Hagedoorn, J., Crayannis, E. and Alexander, J. (2001) Strange bedfellows in the personal computer industry: technology alliances between IBM and Apple. Research Policy 30, 837–849.
Hamel, G. (1991) Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal 12, 83–103.
Hamel, G., Doz, Y. L. and Prahalad, C. K. (1989) Collaborate with your competitors and win. Harvard Business Review 67, 133–139.
Hannan, M. T. and Carroll, G. R. (1992) Dynamics of Organizational Populations Density, Legitimation, and Competition. Oxford University Press.
Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. (1977) The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology 82, 929–964.
Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. (1984) Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review 49, 149–164.
Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. (1989) Organizational Ecology. Harvard University Press.
Hardy, C. and Phillips, N. (1999) No joking matter: discursive struggle in the Canadian refugee system. Organization Studies 20, 1–24.
Hardy, C., Phillips, N. and Lawrence, T. B. (2003) Resources, knowledge and influence: the organizational effects of interorganizational collaboration. Journal of Management Studies 40, 321–343.
Harmon, B., Ardichvili, A. and Cardozo, R. N. (1997) Mapping the university technology transfer process. Journal of Business Venturing 12, 423–434.
Hart, O. (1995). Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structures. Oxford University Press.
Heller, A. M. and Eisenberg, R. (1998) Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science 280/5364, 698–702.
Henderson, R. and Mitchell, W. (1997) The interaction of organizational and competitive influences on strategy and performance. Strategic Management Journal 18 (Summer special issue), 5–14.
Henderson, R., Jaffe, A. and Trajtenberg, M. (1994) Numbers up, quality down? trends in university patenting 1965–2002. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.
Henderson, R., Jaffe, A. and Trajtenberg, M. (1998) Universities as a source of commercial technology: a detailed analysis of university patenting 1965–1988. Review of Economics and Statistics 80, 119–127.
Hendry, C., Brown, J. and Defillippi, R. (2000) Regional clustering of high technology-based firms: opto-electronics in three countries. Regional Studies 34, 129–145.
Hicks, D. and Katz, J. S. (1997) The Changing Shape of the British Industrial Research System. Steep Special Report 6, University of Sussex.
Hoang, H. and Rothaermel, F. T. (2006) Internal and external capabilities transfer: time to market in new product development. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper, BPS: R1.
Höyssä, M., Bruun, H. and Hukkinen, J. (2004) The co-evolution of social and physical infrastructure for biotechnology innovation in Turku, Finland. Research Policy 33, 769–785.
Hughes, S. S. (2001) Making dollars out of DNA. Isis 92, 541–575.
Huxham, C. (1996) Creating Collaborative Advantage. Sage Publications.
Huygens, C., Baden-Fuller, F., Bosch, A. J. and Volberda, H. W. (2001) Co-evolution of firm capabilities and industry competition: investigating the music industry, 1877–1997. Organization Studies 22, 971–1011.
Hybels, R. C. and Popielarz, P. A. (1989) The iron law revisited: the formation of an interorganizational oligarchy through joint ventures. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, August 1996.
Inkpen, A. and Tsang, E. (2005) Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Review 30, 146–165.
Jackson, S. E. and Schuler, R. S. (1995) Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments. Annual Review of Psychology 46, 237–264.
Kaghan, W. (1997) Contracts and the structuring of deals in university/industry technology transfer. Manuscript, University of Washington School of Business Administration.
Kaplan, S., Murray, F. and Henderson, R. (2003) Discontinuities and senior management: assessing the role of recognition in pharmaceutical firm response to biotechnology. Industrial and Corporate Change 12, 203–233.
Kenney, M. (1986) Biotechnology: The University–Industrial Complex. Yale University Press.
Khanna, T., Gulati, R. and Nohria, N. (1998) The dynamics of learning alliances: competition, cooperation and scope. Strategic Management Journal 19, 193–210.
Khodyakov, D. (2007) Trust as a process: a three-dimensional approach. Sociology 41, 115–132.
Kirby, D. A. (2006) Creating entrepreneurial universities in the UK: applying entrepreneurship theory to practice. Journal of Technology Transfer 31, 599–603.
Kleinman, D. L. (1998) Untangling context: understanding a university laboratory in the commercial world. Science Technology and Human Values 23(3), 285–314.
Kogut, B. (1998) Joint ventures: theoretical and empirical perspectives. Strategic Management Journal 9, 319–332.
Kogut, B. (2000) The network as knowledge: generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal 21, 405–425.
Kogut, B., Shan, W. and Walker, G. (1992) The make-or-cooperate decision in the context of an industry network. In Nohria, N. and Eccles, R. (eds.), Networks and Organizations. Harvard Business School Press.
Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of defined specificity. Nature (Lond.) 256, 495–497.
Koput, K. W. (1997) A chaotic model of innovative search: some answers, many questions. Organization Science 8, 528–542.
Koput, K. W. and Powell, W. W. (2002) Science and strategy: organizational evolution in a knowledge-intensive field. Working paper, University of Arizona.
Kornberg, A. (1995) The Golden Helix, University Science Books.
Kramer, R. M., Brewer, M. B. and Hanna, B. (1996) Collective trust and collective action in organizations: the decision to trust as a social decision. In Kramer, R. M. and Tyler, T. R. (eds.), Trust in Organizations. Sage.
Kreiner, K. and Schultz, M. (1993) Informal collaborations in R&D: the formation of networks across organizations. Organization Studies 14, 189–209.
Kristiansen, E. G. (1998) R&D in the presence of network externalities: timing and compatibility. RAND Journal of Economics 29, 531–547.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.
Lampel, J. and Shapira, Z. (2001) Judgmental errors, interactive norms, and the difficulty of detecting strategic surprises. Organization Science 2, 599–611.
Lane, J. P. and Lubatkin, M. (1998) Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal 19, 461–477.
Larsson, R., Bengtsson, L., Henriksson, K. and Sparks, J. (1998) The interorganizational learning dilemma: collective knowledge development in strategic alliances. Organization Science 9, 285–305.
Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979) Laboratory Life. Sage.
Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1986) Laboratory Life – The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton University Press.
Ledford, G. E. and Lawler, E. E. (1994) Research on employee participation: beating a dead horse?Academy of Management Review 19, 633–636.
Lee, Y. S. (1996) Technology transfer and the research university: a search for boundaries of university–industry collaborations. Research Policy 25, 843–863.
Lee, Y. S. (1998) University–industry collaboration on technology transfer: views from the ivory tower. Policy Studies Journal 26, 69–84.
Lee, Jr., K. B. and Burrill, G. S. (1995) Biotech 95: Reform, Restructure, Renewal. Ernst & Young.
Lehrer, M. and Asakawa, K. (2004) Rethinking the public sector: idiosyncrasies of biotechnology commercialization as motors of national R&D reform in Germany and Japan. Research Policy 33, 921–938.
Lewin, A. Y. (1999) Application of complexity theory to organization science. Organization Science 10, 215.
Lewin, A. Y., Long, C. P. and Carroll, T. N. (1999) The coevolution of new organizational forms. Organization Science 10, 535–550.
Lewis, W. M. (2000) Exploring paradox: toward a more comprehensive guide. Academy of Management Review 25, 760–776.
Liebeskind, J. D. (2000) Ownership, governance and incentives in new biotechnology firms. In Blair, M. and Kochan, T. (eds.), The New Relationship: Human Capital in The American Corporation, MIT Press.
Liebeskind, J. P. (2000) Internal capital markets: benefits, costs, and organizational arrangements. Organization Science 11, 58–76.
Liebeskind, J. P. (2001) Risky business: university and intellectual property. Academe 87, 49–54.
Liebeskind, J. P. and Oliver, A. L. (1998) From handshake to contract: trust, intellectual property and the social structure of academic research. In Lane, C. and Bachmann, R. (eds.), Trust Within and Between Organizations. Oxford University Press.
Liebeskind, J. A., Oliver, A. L., Zucker, L. and Brewer, M. (1996) Social networks, learning, and flexibility: sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms. Organization Science 7, 428–443.
Luhman, N. (1988) Familiarity, confidence, and trust. In Gambetta, D. (ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Basil Blackwell.
McKelvey, B. and Aldrich, H. (1983) Populations, natural selection, and applied organizational science. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 101–128.
McKelvey, M., Alm, H. and Riccaboni, M. (2003) Does co-location matter for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology–pharmaceutical sector?Research Policy 32, 483–501.
McKelvey, W. (1982) Organizational Systematics: Taxonomy, Evolution, Classification. University of California Press.
McKelvey, W. (1997) Quasi-natural organization science. Organization Science 8, 352–380.
Malerba, F. and Orsenigo, L. (2002) Innovation and market structure in the dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology: towards a history-friendly model. Industrial and Corporate Change 11, 667–703.
March, J. (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science 2, 71–87.
March, G. J. and Simon, H. H. (1958) Organizations. New York.
Martineau, B. (2001) First Fruit: The Creation of the Flvr Savr Tomato and the Birth of Genetically Engineered Food. McGraw-Hill.
Maurer, I. and Ebers, M. (2006) Dynamics of social capital and their performance implications: lessons from biotechnology startups. Administrative Science Quarterly 51, 262–292.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. and Schoorman, F. D. (1995) An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review 20, 709–734.
Mazzolini, R. and Nelson, R. R. (1998a) Economic theories about the benefits and costs of patents. Journal of Economic Issues 32, 1031–1052.
Mazzolini, R. and Nelson, R. R. (1998b) The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: a contribution to the current debate. Research Policy 27, 273–284.
Merges, R. P., Menell, P. S., Lemley, M. A. and Jorde, T. M. (1997) Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age. Aspen Publishers Inc.
Merton, R. K. (1968) The Matthew effect in science. Science 159, 56–63.
Merton, R. K. (1973) The normative structure of science. In Merton, R. K. (ed.), The Sociology of Science. University of Chicago Press.
Merton, R. K. (1977) The sociology of science: an episodic memoir. In Merton, R. K. and Jerry, G. J. (eds.), The Sociology of Science in Europe. Southern Illinois University Press.
Meyer, D. A., Tsui, A. S. and Hinings, R. C. (1993) Configurational approach to organizational analysis. Academy of Management Journal 36, 1175–1195.
Meyer, J. and Scott, W. R. (1983) Organisational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Sage.
Meyer, W. J. and Rowan, B. (1977) Institutionalized organizations: formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology 83, 340–362.
Meyer-Krahmer, F. and Schmoch, U. (1998) Science-based technologies: university–industry interactions in four fields. Research Policy 27, 835–851.
Mian, S. A. (1996) Assessing value-added contribution of university technology business incubators to tenant firms. Research Policy 25, 325–335.
Miles, G. R., Miles, R. E., Perrone, V. and Edvinsson, L. (1998) Some conceptual and research barriers to the utilization of knowledge. California Management Review 40, 281–288.
Milstein, C. (2000) With the benefit of hindsight. Immunology Today 21, 359–364.
Miner, A. S. (1994) Seeking adaptive advantage: evolutionary theory and managerial action. In Baum, J. A. C. and Singh, J. V. (eds.), Evolutional Dynamics of Organizations. Oxford University Press.
Mitsuhashi, H. (2002) Uncertainty in selecting alliance partners: the three reduction mechanisms and alliance formation processes. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 10, 109–133.
Morgan, G. (1980) Paradigms, metaphors and puzzle solving in organizational theory. Administrative Science Quarterly 25 605–622.
Morgan, G. (1983) More on metaphor: why we cannot control tropes in administrative science. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 601–607.
Morgan, G. (1986) Images of Organization. Sage Publications.
Morrow, J. F., Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C. Y., Boyer, H. W., Goodman, H. M. and Helling, R. B. (1974) Replication and transcription of eukaryotic DNA in esherichia coli. PNAS 71, 1743–1747.
Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E. and Silverman, B. S. (1996) Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter special issue), 77–91.
Mowery, D. C., Sampat, B. N. and Ziedonis, A. A. (2002) Learning to patent: institutional experience, learning, and the characteristics of US university patents after the Bayh–Dole Act, 1981–1992. Management Science 48, 73–89.
Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N. and Ziedonis, A. A. (2001) The growth of patenting and licensing by US universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh–Dole act of 1980. Research Policy 30, 99–119.
Nahapiet, J. and Goshal, S. (1998) Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 23, 242–266.
Nault, B. R. and Tyagi, R. K. (2001) Implementable mechanisms to coordinate horizontal alliances. Management Science 47, 787–799.
Nee, V. (1998) Norms and networks in economic and organizational performance. American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings May, 85–89.
Nelkin, D. (1984) Science as Intellectual Property: Who Controls Scientific Research?Macmillan.
Nelkin, D., Nelson, R. R. and Kiernan, C. (1987) University–industry alliances – commentary. Science, Technology & Human Values 12, 65–74.
Nelson, L. (1998) The rise of intellectual property protection in the American university. Science 279(5356), 1460.
Nelson, R. R. (1990) Capitalism as an engine of progress. Research Policy 19, 193–214.
Nelson, R. R. (2002) The market economy of the republic of science. Working paper, Columbia University.
Nelson, R. R. (2004) The market economy and the scientific commons. Research Policy 33, 455–472.
Nesta, L. and Mangematin, V. (2002) Industry life cycle, knowledge generation and technological networks. In Mothe, J. and Link, A. E. (eds.), Networks, Alliances and Partnerships in the Innovation Process. Kluwer Academic.
Nicolaou, N. and Birley, S. (2003) Academic networks in a trichotomous categorization of university spinouts. Journal of Business Venturing 18, 333–359.
Niosi, J. (2003) Alliances are not enough explaining rapid growth in biotechnology firms. Research Policy 32, 737–750.
Niosi, J. and Bas, T. G. (2001) The competencies of regions – Canada's clusters in biotechnology. Small Business Economics 17, 31.
Nonaka, I. (1994) A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science 5, 14–37.
Nonaka, I. and Hirotaka, H. (1995) The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I. and Konno, N. (1998) The concept of “Ba:” building a foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review 40, 40–54.
Nooteboom, B. (1999a) The dynamic efficiency of networks. In Grandori, A. (ed.), Interfirm Networks: Organization and Industrial Competitiveness. Routledge.
Nooteboom, B. (1999b). Inter-Firm Alliances: Analysis and Design. Routledge.
Nooteboom, B. (2002) Trust: Forms, Foundations, Functions, Failures and Figures. Edward Elgar.
Oliver, A. L. (1993) New biotechnology firms: a multilevel analysis of interorganizational relations in an emerging industry. Bringing process into structure. Unpublished dissertation, UCLA.
Oliver, A. L. (1997) On the nexus of organizations and professions: networking through trust. Sociological Inquiry 67, 227–245.
Oliver, A. L. (2001) Strategic alliances and the learning life-cycle of biotechnology firms. Organization Studies 22, 467–489.
Oliver, A. L. (2004) Biotechnology entrepreneurial scientists and their collaborations. Research Policy 33, 583–597.
Oliver, A. L. (2007). University–industry collaborations in the Israeli biotechnology industry. Work in progress, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Oliver, A. L. and Liebeskind, J. P. (1998) Three levels of networking for sourcing intellectual capital in biotechnology: implications for studying interorganizational networks. International Studies of Management & Organization 27, 76–104.
Oliver, A. L. and Liebeskind, J. P. (2003) Public research and intellectual property rights: a tale of two inventions. Working paper, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Oliver, A. L. and Montgomery, K. (2000) Creating a hybrid organizational form from parental blueprints: the emergence and evolution of knowledge firms. Human Relations 53, 33–57.
Oliver, A. L. and Montgomery, K. (2001) Cybernetics and the theory of trust development. Human Relations 54, 1045–1065.
Oliver, A. L. and Ramati, A. (2003) Historical accounts of scientific entrepreneurship. Unpublished working paper, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Orsenigo, L. (1989) The Emergence of Biotechnology: Institutions and Markes in Industrial Innovation. Pinter Publishers.
Orsenigo, L. (2001) The (failed) development of a biotechnology cluster: the case of Lombardy. Small Business Economics 17, 77–92.
Osborn, R. and Hagedoorn, J. (1997) The institutionalization and evolutionary dynamics of interorganizational alliances and networks. Academy of Management Journal 40, 261–278.
Ouchi, G. W. (1980) Markets, bureaucracies and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 129–141.
Ouchi, W. and Jaeger, A. (1978) Type Z organization: stability in the midst of mobility. Academy of Management Review 3, 305–314.
Oviatt, B. M. and McDougall, P. P. (1995) Global start-ups: entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Academy of Management Executive 9, 30–44.
Owen-Smith, J. (2003) From separate systems to a hybrid order: accumulative advantage across public and private science at research one universities. Research Policy 32, 1081–1104.
Owen-Smith, J. and Powell, W. W. (2001a) To patent or not: faculty decisions and institutional success at technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer 26, 99–114.
Owen-Smith, J. and Powell, W. W. (2001b) Careers and contradictions: faculty responses to the transformation of knowledge and its uses in the life sciences. Research in Sociology or Work 10, 109–140.
Owen-Smith, J. and Powell, W. W. (2003) The expanding role of university patenting in the life sciences: assessing the importance of experience and connectivity. Research Policy 32, 1695–1711.
Owen-Smith, J. and Powell, W. W. (2005) Accounting for emergence and novelty in Boston and Bay area biotechnology. In Braunerhjelm, P. and Feldman, M. (eds.), Cluster Genesis: The Emergence of Technology Cluster and their Implication for Government Policies. Cambridge University Press.
Owen-Smith, J., Riccaboni, M., Pammolli, F. and Powell, W. W. (2002) A comparison of US and European university–industry relations in the life sciences. Management Science 48, 24–44.
Pace, G. (2001) The role of development agencies for the entrepreneurial promotion: Israeli case studies. (Available at: http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/urb/papers/0311/03111003.pdf).
Packer, K. and Webster, A. (1996) Patenting culture in science: reinventing the scientific wheel of credibility, science technology. Science, Technology, and Human Values 21, 427–453.
Park, S. O. and Ungson, G. R. (2001) Interfirm rivalry and managerial complexity: a conceptual framework of alliance failure. Organization Science 12, 37–53.
Petersa, L., Groenewegenb, P. and Fiebelkornb, N. (1998) A comparison of networks between industry and public sector research in materials technology and biotechnology. Research Policy 27, 255–271.
Pigliucci, I. (2000) Skeptic. Altadena 8, 62–71.
Pigou, A. C. (1932) The Economics of Welfare, 4th ed. Macmillan.
Pirnay, F., Surlemont, N. and Nlemvo, F. (2003) Toward a typology of university spin-offs. Small Business Economics 21, 355–369.
Pisano, G. P. (1990) The R&D boundaries of the firm: an empirical analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly 35, 153–176.
Pisano, G. P. (1991) The governance of innovation: vertical integration and collaborative arrangements in the biotechnology industry. Research Policy 20, 237–249.
Pisano, G. P. (1994) Knowledge, integration, and the locus of learning: an empirical analysis of process development. Strategic Management Journal 15, 85–100.
Pisano, G. P. (1996) Learning-before-doing in the development of new process technology. Research Policy 25, 1097–1111.
Pisano, G. P. (2002) The economics and technology of pharmaceutical R&D in the age of molecular biology. Working paper, Harvard Business School.
Podolny, J. M. and Page, K. L. (1998) Network forms of organization. Annual Review of Sociology 24, 57–76.
Porter, K., Whittington, B. and Powell, W. W. (2005) The institutional embeddedness of high-tech regions: relational foundations of the Boston biotechnology community. In Breschi, S. and Malerba, F. (eds.), Clusters, Networks, and Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Powell, W. W. (1990) Neither market nor hierarchy: network form of organization. Research in Organization Behavior 12, 295–336.
Powell, W. W. (1998) Learning from collaboration. California Management Review 40, 228–240.
Powell, W. W. and Brantley, P. (1992) Competitive cooperation in biotechnology – learning through networks? In Nohria, N. and Eccles, R. (eds.), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action. Harvard Business School.
Powell, W. W. and Owen-Smith, J. (1998) Universities and the market for intellectual property in the life sciences. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17, special issue “The Commercialism Dilemma of the Nonprofit Sector.”
Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W. and Smith-Doerr, L. (1996) Interoganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly 41, 116–45.
Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., Smith-Doerr, L. and Owen-Smith, J. (1999) Network position and firm performance: organizational returns to collaboration in the biotechnology industry. In Andrew, S. and Knock, D. (eds.), Research in the Sociology of Organizations. JAI Press.
Powell, W. W., White, D. R., Koput, K. W. and Owen-Smith, J. (2005) Network dynamics and field evolution: the growth of interorganizational collaboration in the life sciences. American Journal of Sociology 110, 1132–1205.
Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order Out of Chaos. Bantam Books.
Quinn, J. B. (1986) Innovation and corporate strategy: managed chaos. In Horwitch, M. (ed.), Technology in the Modern Corporation: A Strategic Perspective. Pergamon Press.
Rabinow, P. (1996) Making PCR. University of Chicago Press.
Ramer, S., Hwee Ang, S. and Baden-Fuller, C. (2001) Dealing with uncertainties in the biotechnology industry: the use of real options reasoning. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 8, 95–105.
Reimers, N. (1997) Stanford's office of technology licensing and the Cohen/Boyer cloning patents. Oral History, by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Rhoades, G. and Slaughter, S. (1991) Professors, administrators, and patents: the negotiation of technology transfer. Sociology of Education 64, 65–77.
Ring, P. S. (1997) Processes facilitating reliance on trust in inter-organizational networks. In Ebers, M. (ed.), The Formation of Inter-Organizational Networks. Oxford University Press.
Ring, P. S. (1999) The Costs of Networked Organization. In Grandori, A. (ed.), Interfirm Networks: Organizational and Industrial Competitiveness. Routledge.
Ring, P. and Ven, A. (1992) Structuring cooperative relations between organizations. Strategic Management Journal 13, 483–498.
Ring, P. S. and Ven, A. H. (1994) Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relations. Academy of Management Review 19, 90–118.
Robbins-Roth, C. (2000) From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology. Perseus Publishing.
Rond, M. and Bouchikhi, H. (2004) On the dialectics of strategic alliances. Organization Science 15, 56–69.
Romanelli, E. (1991) The evolution of new organizational forms. Annual Review of Sociology 17, 79–103.
Rothaermel, F. T. (2001) Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent's advantage: an empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy 30, 1235–1251.
Rothaermel, F. T. and Thursby, M. (2007) The nanotech versus the biotech revolution: sources of productivity in incumbent firm research. Research Policy 36, 832–349.
Rothaermel, F. T., Agung, S. and Jiang, L. (2007) University entrepreneurship: a taxonomy of the literature. Industrial and Corporate Change 16, 691–791.
Sakakibara, K. (1993) R&D cooperation among competitors: a case study of the VLSI semiconductor research project in Japan. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 10, 393–407.
Saxenian, A. (1985) Silicon Valley and Route 128: regional prototypes or historic exceptions? In Castells, M. (ed.), High Technology, Space, and Society. Sage.
Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press.
Schilling, M. A. and Phelps, C. C. (2007) Inter-firm collaboration networks: the impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Science 53, 1113–1126.
Schulz, M. (2001) The uncertain relevance of newness: organizational learning and knowledge flows. Academy of Management Journal 44, 661–682.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934/1975) The Theory of Economic Development, trans. Opie, R.Harvard University Press.
Scott, W. R. (1995) Institutions and Organizations: Theory and Research. Sage Publications.
Seitzer, D. (1999) Technology transfer – a flexible link between research, university and industry. European Journal of Engineering Education 24, 139–150.
Selznick, P. (1957) Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. University of California Press.
Senker, J. and Faulkner, W. (1992) Industrial use of public sector research in advanced technologies: a comparison of biotechnology and ceramics. R&D Management 22, 157–175.
Shan, W. (1990) An empirical analysis of organizational strategies by entrepreneurial high technology firms. Strategic Management Journal 11, 129–140.
Shane, S. and Stuart, T. E. (2002) Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Science 48, 154–171.
Silverman, D. (1970) The Theory of Organisations: A Sociological Framework. Heinemann.
Simon, A. H. (1976) Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision Making Behavior in Administrative Organizations. Free Press.
Sorensen, J. B. and Stuart, T. E. (2000) Ageing, obsolescence, and organizational innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 45, 81–112.
Sorensen, O., Rivkin, W. and Fleming, L. (2006) Complexity, networks and knowledge flow. Research Policy 25, 994–1017.
Stark, D. (2001) Ambiguous assets for uncertain environments: heterarchy in postsocialist firms. In DiMaggio, P. (ed.). The Twenty-First-Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective. Princeton University Press.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965) Social structure and organizations. In March, J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations. Rand McNally.
Stuart, T. E. (1998) Network positions and propensities to collaborate: an investigation of strategic alliance formation in a high-technology industry. Administrative Science Quarterly 43, 668–698.
Stuart, T. E. and Podolny, J. M. (1996) Local search and the evolution of technological capabilities. Strategic Management Journal 17 (Summer special issue), 21–38.
Subramaniam, M. and Youndt, M. A. (2005) The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal 48, 450–463.
Sydow, J. (1997) Understanding the constitution of interorganizational trust. In Lane, C. and Bachmann, R. (eds.), Trust Within and Between Organizations. Oxford University Press.
Tansey, E. M. and Catterall, P. P. (eds.) (1995) Technology transfer in Britain: the case of monoclonal antibodies. Wellcome witnesses to twentieth century medicine. Contemporary Record 9, 409–444.
Teece, D. J. (1986) Profiting from technological innovation. Research Policy 15, 285–305.
Teece, D. J. (1992) Strategies for capturing the financial benefits from technological innovation. In Rosenberg, N., Landau, R. and Mowery, D. C. (eds.), Technology and the Wealth of Nations. Stanford University Press.
Teece, D. J. (1998) Capturing value from knowledge assets: the new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets. California Management Review 40, 55–79.
Teece, D. J. and Pisano, G. (1994) The dynamic capabilities of firms: an introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change 3, 537–556.
Todeva, E. and Knoke, D. (2005) Strategic alliances and models of collaboration. Management Decision 43, 123–148.
Torero, M., Darby, M. R. and Zucker, L. G. (2001) The importance of intellectual human capital in the birth of the semiconductor industry. Working paper, University of California.
Tsai, W. (1991) Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal 44, 996–1004.
Tushman, M. L. and Anderson, P. (1986) Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 31, 439–465.
Uzzi, B. (1996) The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: the network effect. American Sociological Review 61, 674–698.
Uzzi, B. (1997) Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly 42, 35–67.
Uzzi, B. (1999) Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: how social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. American Sociological Review 64, 481–505.
Ven, A. H., Venkatraman, S., Polley, D. and Garud, R. (1989) Processes of new business creation in different organizational settings. In Ven, A. H., Angle, H. and Poole, M. S. (eds.), Research on the Management of Innovation. Ballinger Press.
Vohora, A., Wright, M. and Lockett, A. (2004) Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy 33, 147–175.
Hippel, E. (1998) Economics of product development by users: the impact of “sticky” local information. Management Science 44, 629–644.
Walker, G., Kogut, B. and Shan, W. (1997) Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science 8, 109–125.
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Watzman, H. and Avitzour, S. P. (2001) Israel's great expectations. Nature Biotechnology 19, 518–20.
Weick, K. E. (1976) The Social Physiology of Organizing (2nd edition). Addison-Wesley.
Werth, B. (1995) The Billion Dollar Molecule. Simon Schuster/Touchstone.
Wiggins, J. and Gibson, D. V. (2003) Overview of US incubators and the case of the Austin technology incubator. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 3, 56–66.
Wilkins, A. L. and Ouchi, W. G. (1983) Efficient cultures. Exploring the relationships between culture and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 468–481.
Williamson, O. (1981) The economics of organization: the transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology 87, 548–577.
Williamson, O. E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1991) Comparative economic organization: the analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly 36, 269–296.
Woolley, J. L. (2006) The origins of organizational communities: nanotechnology in the United States. Working paper, The Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine.
Woolley, Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review 14, 532–550.
Wright, M., Birley, S. and Mosey, S. (2004) Entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer 29, 235–246.
Yin, R. (1984) Case Study Research. Sage Publications.
Youndt, M., Snell, S., Dean, J. and Lepak, D. (1996) Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal 39, 836–866.
Yuchtman, E. and Seashore, S. E. (1967) A system resource approach to organizational effectiveness. American Sociological Review, 891–903.
Zollo, M. J., Reuer, J. and Singh, H. (2002) Interorganizational routines and performance in strategic alliances. Organization Science 13, 701–713.
Zollo, M. and Winter, S. G. (2002) Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science 13, 339–351.
Zucker, L. G. (1986) Production of trust: institutional sources of economic structure 1840 to 1920. Research in Organizational Behavior 8, 53–111.
Zucker, L. G. and Darby, M. R. (1996) Star scientists and institutional transformation: patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 93 (12), 709–12, 916.
Zucker, L. G. and Darby, M. R. (1997) Individual action and the demand for institution. American Behavioral Scientist 4, 502–513.
Zucker, L. G. and Darby, M. R. (1997) Present at the biotechnological revolution: transformation of technological identity for a large incumbent pharmaceutical firm. Research Policy 26, 429–446.
Zucker, L. G. and Darby, M. (2001) Capturing technical opportunity via Japan's star scientists: evidence from Japanese firms’ biotech patents and products. Journal of Technology Transfer 26, 37–58.
Zucker, L. G. and Darby, M. R. (2003) Grilichesian breakthroughs: inventions of methods of inventing and firm entry in nanotechnology. NBER Working paper, No. 9825.
Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R. and Armstrong, J. (1998) Geographically localized knowledge: spillover or markets, Economic Inquiry 36(1), 65–86.
Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R. and Armstrong, J. (2002) Commercializing knowledge: university science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology. Management Science 48, 138–153.
Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R. and Brewer, M. B. (1998) Intellectual human capital and the birth of US biotechnology enterprises. American Economic Review 88, 290–306.
Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R. and Torero, M. (2002) Labor mobility from academe to commerce. Journal of Labor Economics 20, 629–660.
Zucker, L. G., Brewer, M. B., Oliver, L. G. and Liebeskind, J. (1993) Basic science as intellectual capital in firms: information dilemmas in rDNA biotechnology research. Working paper, Institute for Social Science Research, Los Angeles.
Zucker, L. G., Brewer, M., Darby, M. and Peng, Y. (1996) Collaboration structure and information dilemmas in biotechnology: organizational boundaries as trust production. In Kramer, R. and Tyler, T. (eds.), Trust in Organizations. Sage Publications.
Zucker, L. G., Darby, M. R., Furner, J., Liu, R. C. and Ma, H. (2007) Minerva unbound: knowledge stocks, knowledge flows, and new knowledge production. Research Policy 36, 850–864.

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.