¹ Accounts can be found in Flora Murray, Women as army surgeons. Being the history of the Women's Hospital Corps in Paris, Wimereux and Endell Street, September 1914–October 1919, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1920; Jennian F Geddes, ‘The Women's Hospital Corps: forgotten surgeons of the First World War’, J. med. Biog., 2006, 14: 109–17; Jennian F Geddes, ‘Artistic integrity and feminist spin: a spat at the Endell Street Military Hospital’, Burlington Magazine, 2005, 147: 617–18; Jennian F Geddes, ‘“Women as army surgeons”: the Women's Hospital Corps’, MA thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2005 (held at the Women's Library, London).

² Beatrice Harraden, ‘Women doctors in the war’, Windsor Magazine, 1915, 43: 179–93; Ann M Mitchell, ‘Medical women and the medical services of the First World War’, in Festschrift for Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell, Victoria, Queensbury Hill Press, 1978; Leah Leneman, ‘Medical women at war, 1914–1918’, Med. Hist., 1994, 38: 160–77; I R Whitehead, Doctors in the Great War, London, Leo Cooper, 1999, ch. 5, ‘Medical women and war service’.

³ Susan Kingsley Kent, Making peace: the reconstruction of gender in interwar Britain, Princeton University Press, 1993, ch. 3.

⁴ Ibid., p. 73.

⁵ For example, in a 1908 poll of women doctors, 538 voted in favour of suffrage for women, and only 15 against (Brian Harrison, ‘Women's health and the women's movement in Britain: 1840–1940’, in Charles Webster (ed.), Biology, medicine and society 1840–1940, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 15–72, p. 51).

⁶ Report of the LSMW inaugural address for the 1904–5 academic year by Dr Mary Murdoch, Lancet, 15 Oct. 1904, ii: 1073–4, p. 1074.

⁷ University of Melbourne, Vera Scantlebury-Brown Archive, Letter-Diaries from England, Box 84/82 (hereafter VSLD), Volume A3, p. 15.

⁸ Women's Library, Oral Evidence on the Suffragette and Suffragist Movements: Letitia Fairfield, tape recorded interview with Brian Harrison, 31 Dec. 1976, 8SUF/B/118.

⁹ Acknowledged by Anderson shortly after her release, in a speech reported in Votes for Women, 26 Apr. 1912, p. 467.

¹⁰ Women's Library, Louisa Garrett Anderson Papers (hereafter WLLGAP), Letters from Holloway Prison, 7LGA/1/2.

¹¹ Evelyn Sharp, ‘Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson’, Manchester Guardian, 17 Nov. 1943.

¹² ‘A women's military hospital’, The Suffragette, 16 Apr. 1915, p. 13, describes Murray as “honorary physician” to the WSPU; Elizabeth Crawford, The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866–1928, London, Routledge, 2001, p. 432.

¹³ A H Bennett, English medical women: glimpses of their work in peace and war, London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1915, pp. 68–9; Flora Murray, ‘The position of women in medicine and surgery’, New Statesman, 1913, 1 (supp): xvi–xvii.

¹⁴ Details of the thirty-seven doctors known to have served in the Women's Hospital Corps are given in Geddes, ‘“Women as army surgeons”’, op. cit., note 1 above, Appendix B.

¹⁵ Br. med. J., 1914, ii: 767.

¹⁶ Churchill Archive Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, Lord Esher's War Journals, August 1914 to January 1915: ‘Memo for Lord K: The War Office and the Red Cross’ (undated, Sept. 1914), ESHR 2/13.

¹⁷ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 127–8.

¹⁸ Geddes, ‘“Women as army surgeons”’, op. cit., note 1 above, Appendix B.

¹⁹ Grace Hale, ‘The women's hospital corps’, St Bartholomew's Hospital League News, Mar. 1917, pp. 755–8, 757.

²⁰ Franklin D Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY, Marion Dickerman Papers, Transcript of an interview with Marion Dickerman by Jennifer Starr, p. 13. The American feminist came over with her friend Nancy Cook in 1918 to work as a nursing orderly at Endell Street.

²¹ Imperial War Museum (hereafter IWM), Women's Work Collection (hereafter WWC), MUN 18.6, Ministry of Munitions Committee for the Organisation of Women's Services, 8.12.16, Evidence of Dr Flora Murray, p. 43.

²² Hale, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 757; also Wellcome Library, Archives and Manuscripts, Medical Women's Federation Archives, SA/MWF/C.168, account of Endell Street by Dr Winifred Buckley, pp. 5.

²³ Buckley, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 7.

²⁴ IWM, WWC MUN 18.6, cited note 21 above, p. 50.

²⁵ London Metropolitan Archives, Annual report of the New Hospital for Women for 1914: H13/EGA/8/1, pp. 19–27.

²⁶ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 162

²⁷ Interview with Marion Dickerman, cited note 20 above, p. 4.

²⁸ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 165. A full list of Endell Street publications is given in Geddes, ‘“Women as army surgeons”’, op. cit., note 1 above.

²⁹ Winifrid Cullis and Enid Tribe's work, funded by the Medical Research Committee, was published in Lancet, 1915, ii: 912–13.

³⁰ See, for example, the 4th annual report of the Medical Research Committee, 1917–18.

³¹ See Eileen Crofton, The women of Royaumont: a Scottish women's hospital on the western front, East Linton, Tuckwell Press, 1996, Appendix 2, for details of the research carried out at Royaumont.

³² Royal Free Archive Centre, annual reports of the LSMW.

³³ IWM, WWC MUN 18.6, cited note 21 above, p. 44; her refusal is recorded in a brief note of a meeting between Murray and Agnes Conway, from the IWM: WWC, BRC 24.1/2, Agnes Conway, ‘Interview at Endell Street Hospital, 7 December 1917’.

³⁴ Phrases from different press cuttings in Flora Murray's scrapbook, WLLGAP, 7LGA/3.

³⁵ Evelyn Sharp, Unfinished adventure: selected reminiscences from an Englishwoman's life, London, John Lane, Bodley Head, 1933, p. 160.

³⁶ WLLGAP, 7LGA/2/1/08 and 7LGA/2/1/09, Letters from the Woman's Hospital Corps (hereafter WHC), 22 and 27 Sept. 1914.

³⁷ ‘Soldiers as patients: “large babies”’, Daily Telegraph, 18 May 1915.

³⁸ John Calder, The vanishing willows: the story of Erskine Hospital, Bishopton, Princess Louise Scottish Hospital, 1982, p. 24; J R Hopkins, ‘Leicester's Great War Hospital: The 5th Northern General Military Hospital, Leicester (1914–19)’, MA thesis, University of Leicester, 1995, p. 48 (held at the Wellcome Library); the embroidery is illustrated in Arthur R Smith, From battlefield to blighty: Frodsham Auxiliary Military Hospital 1915–1919, Wirral, Avid Publications, 2001, p. 62.

³⁹ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 139.

⁴⁰ Ibid., p. 190. Reports in the Court Circular in The Times list many well known names.

⁴¹ A detailed description of the 1917 Christmas decorations, and the awarding of prizes, is given by Vera Scantlebury (VSLD, Volume A8, pp. 44–9).

⁴² Letter from LGA to Hilda Milne, St Leonard's School Gazette, 1916, p. 196.

⁴³ WLLGAP 7LGA/2/1/09, Letters from the WHC, 27 Sept. 1914.

⁴⁴ Sharp, op. cit., note 35 above, p. 160.

⁴⁵ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 56. See Figures 1 and 2.

⁴⁶ Elizabeth Robins, Ancilla's share: an indictment of sex antagonism, London, Hutchinson, 1924, p. 253.

⁴⁷ Tatler referred to it as “the Suffragette hospital” (WLLGAP 7LGA/3, cutting in Murray's scrapbook).

⁴⁸ New York University Libraries, Fales Library and Special Collections, Papers of Elizabeth Robins, Diary for 1915 (MSS 2; Series 1A; box 6, entry for 10 May, 1915).

⁴⁹ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 56.

⁵⁰ VSLD, Volume A2, p. 61.

⁵¹ VSLD, Volume A10, p. 35.

⁵² Magazine of the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women, Nov. 1917, 12 (68): 80.

⁵³ VSLD, Volume A3, p. 15.

⁵⁴ The Industrial Workers of the World was a radical labour movement founded in the USA in 1905; VSLD, Volume A3, p. 4–5.

⁵⁵ VSLD, Volume A2, p. 62.

⁵⁶ WLLGAP 7LGA/3.

⁵⁷ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above.

⁵⁸ University of Sydney Archives, Australia: Biographical File 955, Elizabeth Hamilton-Browne.

⁵⁹ LGA's brother, Alan Anderson, was civilian Controller at the Admiralty in 1917; her cousins were Sir Eric Geddes, First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir Auckland Geddes, Minister of National Service, and Dr Mona Chalmers-Watson, Chief Controller of the WAAC.

⁶⁰ There are many photographs surviving in Murray's book and in private collections, showing the women in both RAMC and WHC uniform, which would support this.

⁶¹ See Geddes, ‘Artistic integrity and feminist spin’, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 617–18.

⁶² IWM Central Archive, Papers of the Women's Work Collection Subcommittee, EN1 WW Annex (5A/3) Hospitals/Endell Street, Letter from Flora Murray to Lady Norman, 3 Mar., 1920; the file contains an earlier letter on the same subject from Murray to Colonel Brereton, 22 Feb. 1920.

⁶³ IWM Department of Art, Correspondence with First World War Artists, 29–2, Letter from Lady Norman to Austin Spare, 22 May 1920.

⁶⁴ Ibid., Letter from Austin Spare to Lady Norman, 29 May 1920.

⁶⁵ An operation at the Military Hospital, Endell Street, Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson, Dr Flora Murray and Dr Winifred Buckley, oil by Francis Dodd, 1921, is currently on permanent loan to the Defence Medical Services Training Centre, Mytchett, Surrey.

⁶⁶ Letter to Millicent Garrett Fawcett from Elsie Inglis, 9 Oct. 1914. Women's Library, 7/MGF/94. Red, white and green were the NUWSS colours.

⁶⁷ Leah Leneman, In the service of life: the story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women's Hospitals, Edinburgh, Mercat Press, 1994, p. 110.

⁶⁸ Mabel St Clair Stobart, War and women: from experience in the Balkans and elsewhere, London, G Bell & Son, 1913, p. 239.

⁶⁹ Ibid., pp. 235, 237.

⁷⁰ See Anderson's ‘Large babies’ speech, cited note 37 above.

⁷¹ WLLGAP, 7LGA/3, cutting in Murray's scrapbook, 19 July 1916.

⁷² A shoe bag, now in the Women's Library (7LGA/2/2), illustrated in Figure 3.

⁷³ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 147.

⁷⁴ Magazine of the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women, Mar. 1915, 10 (60): 12. The letter was written at the beginning of January 1915, and, though the hospital is not named, it must have been either the WHC's hospital at Wimereux or the SWH's Abbaye de Royaumont.

⁷⁵ The Sydney Daily Telegraph, 19 Nov. 1915, in the Endell Street scrapbook (WLLGAP, 7LGA/3, p. 1).

⁷⁶ Murray, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 147.

⁷⁷ Mary Anne Elston, ‘Women doctors in the British Health Service. A sociological study of their careers and opportunities’, PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 1986, pp. 303, 352.

⁷⁸ Geddes, ‘“Women as army surgeons”’, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 80–1.

⁷⁹ Elston, op. cit., note 77 above, p. 295.

⁸⁰ The figure of 26,000 patients given by Murray and others includes 2,000 women, mostly WAACs, but does not include a very large number of outpatients, in the region of another 20,000, also mostly male. The largest SWH hospital, Royaumont treated 10,861 patients, of whom 8,752 were soldiers (Crofton, op. cit., note 31 above, p. 225).

⁸¹ When the Second World War started, women doctors encountered many of the same prejudices and barriers: Albertine Winner, ‘Medical women in the forces. Part iii: Women doctors in the armed forces in the Second World War’, J. med. Women's Federation, 1967, 49: 103–7.