Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-fqc5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T10:34:53.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Investigations of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2006

Panos N. Papanicolaou
Affiliation:
University of California San Diego, Department of Ames, B-010, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
E. John List
Affiliation:
W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

Abstract

The axial and radial velocity components w and u, and the concentration c of a Rhodamine 6G dye were measured simultaneously in a turbulent buoyant jet, using laser-Doppler anemometry combined with a recently developed laser-induced-fluorescence concentration measurement technique. These non-intrusive techniques enable measurements in a region of plume motion where conventional probe-based techniques have had difficulties. The results of the study show that the asymptotic decay laws for velocity and concentration of a tracer transported by the flow are verified experimentally in both jets and plumes. The momentum and volume fluxes and the mean dilution factor are determined in dimensionless form as a function of the normalized distance from the flow source. Contradictory results from earlier experimental plume investigations concerning the decay laws of w and c and the plume width ratio bc/bw are discussed. The turbulence properties and the transition from momentum-driven jets to buoyancy-driven plumes are presented. The turbulence is found to scale with the mean flow as predicted by dimensional analysis and self-similarity. Buoyancy-produced turbulence is found to transport twice as much tracer as jet turbulence. Although velocity statistics in jets and plumes are found to be highly self-similar there is a strong disparity in the distribution of tracer concentration in the two flows. This occurs in the time-average mean flows as well as the r.m.s. turbulent quantities. Instantaneous concentration fluctuations are found to exceed time averages by as much as a factor of 3. The experimental results should provide a reasonable basis for validation of computer models of axisymmetric plumes.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 1988 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbiss J. B., Bradbury, L. J. S. & Wright M. P. 1975 Measurements on an axisymmetric jet using a photon correlator. Proc. LDA Symp. Copenhagen, pp. 319335.
Abraham G. 1960 Jet diffusion in liquid of greater density J. Hydraul. Div. ASCE, 86, 113.Google Scholar
Albertson M. L., Dai Y. B., Jensen, R. A. & Rouse H. 1950 Diffusion of submerged jets. Trans. ASCE 115, 639664.Google Scholar
Antonia R. A., Chambers, A. J. & Hussain A. K. M. F. 1980 Errors in simultaneous measurements of temperature and velocity in the outer part of a heated jet. Phys. Fluids 23, 871874.Google Scholar
Antonia R. A., Prabhu, A. & Stephenson S. E. 1975 Conditionally sampled measurements in a heated turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech. 72, 455480.Google Scholar
Becker H. A., Hottel, H. C. & Williams G. C. 1967 The nozzle-fluid concentration field of the round turbulent free jet. J. Fluid Mech. 30, 285303.Google Scholar
Birch A. D., Brown D. R., Dodson, M. G. & Thomas J. R. 1978 The turbulent concentration field of a methane jet. J. Fluid Mech. 88, 431449.Google Scholar
Chevray, R. & Tutu N. K. 1978 Intermittency and preferential transport of heat in a round jet. J. Fluid Mech. 88, 133160.Google Scholar
Corrsin S. 1943 Investigation of flow in an axially symmetric heated jet of air. NACA Wartime Rep. W-94.Google Scholar
Corrsin, S. & Uberoi M. S. 1949 Further experiments on the flow and heat transfer in a heated turbulent air jet. NACA Rep. 998.Google Scholar
Drain L. E. 1980 The Laser Doppler Technique. Wiley.
Drexhage K. H. 1976 Structure and properties of laser dyes. From Topics in Appl. Physics, 1, Springer.
Durst F., Melling, A. & Whitelaw J. H. 1976 Principles and Practice of Laser Doppler Anemometry. Academic.
Fischer H. B., List E. J., Koh R. C. Y., Imberger, J. & Brooks N. H. 1979 Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic.
Forstall, W. & Gaylord E. W. 1955 Momentum and mass transfer in a submerged water jet Trans. ASME E.: J. Appl. Mech. 22, 161164.Google Scholar
Gartrell G. 1978 A signal processor for a laser-Doppler velocimeter. Tech. Memo. 785. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, California.Google Scholar
Gartrell G. 1979 Studies on the mixing in a density-stratified shear flow. Rep. KH-R-39. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.Google Scholar
George W. K., Alpert, R. L. & Tamanini F. 1977 Turbulence measurements in an axisymmetric buoyant plume. Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer 20, 11451154.Google Scholar
Gibson M. M. 1963 Spectra of turbulence in a round jet. J. Fluid Mech. 15, 161173.Google Scholar
Grandmaison E. W., Rathgeber, D. E. & Becker H. A. 1977 Some characteristics of concentration fluctuations in free turbulent jets. Preprints, Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, Penn. State Univ., pp. 15.21–15.29.
Hannoun I. A. 1986 Turbulent mixing in stably stratified fluid subjected to zero mean shear. Ph.D. thesis, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, California.
Hinze, J. O. & van der Hegge Zijen B. G. 1949 Transfer of heat and matter in the turbulent mixing zone of an axially symmetric jet. Appl. Sci. Res. A1, 435461.Google Scholar
Hussain, A. K. M. F. & Clark A. R. 1981 On the coherent structure of the axisymmetric mixing layer: a flow visualization study. J. Fluid Mech. 104, 263294.Google Scholar
Johnson, B. V. & Bennett J. C. 1981 Mass and momentum turbulent transport experiments with confined coaxial jets. NASA Rep. CR-165574.Google Scholar
Kiser K. M. 1963 Material and momentum transport in axisymmetric turbulent jets of water. AIChE J. 9, 386390.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos N. E. 1975 A study of the entrainment and turbulence in a plane jet. Rep. KH-R-32. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, California.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos N. E. 1976 A note on the spreading rate and virtual origin of a plane turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech. 77, 305311.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos N. E. 1977 Plane turbulent buoyant jets. Part 2. Turbulence structure. J. Fluid Mech. 81, 4562.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos N. E. 1978 A note on the conservation of the axial momentum of a turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech. 87, 5563.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos N. E. 1985 Temperature measurements in a turbulent round plume. Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer 28, 771777.Google Scholar
Kotsovinos, N. E. & List E. J. 1976 Turbulent buoyant jets. In Proc. 1976 ICHMT Seminar on Turbulent Buoyant Convection, pp. 349359. Hemisphere.
Kotsovinos, N. E. & List E. J. 1977 Plane turbulent buoyant jets. Part 1. Integral properties. J. Fluid Mech. 81, 2544.Google Scholar
Lau J. C., Morris, P. J. & Fisher M. J. 1979 Measurements in subsonic and supersonic free jets using a laser velocimeter J. Fluid Mech., 93, 127.Google Scholar
List E. J. 1982a Turbulent jets and plumes. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 14, 189212.Google Scholar
List E. J. 1982b Mechanics of turbulent buoyant jets and plumes. In Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes, pp. 168. Pergamon.
List, E. J. & Imberger J. 1973 Turbulent entrainment in buoyant jets. J. Hydraul Div. ASCE 99, 14611474.Google Scholar
McDougall T. J. 1979 On the elimination of the refractive index variations in turbulent density-stratified liquid flows. J. Fluid Mech 93, 8396.Google Scholar
Mizushina T., Ogino F., Veda, H. & Komori S. 1979 Application of laser-Doppler velocimetry to turbulence measurement in non-isothermal flow Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 366, 6379.Google Scholar
Morton B. R., Taylor, G. I. & Turner J. S. 1956 Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained instantaneous sources Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 234, 123.Google Scholar
Muellenhof W. P., Soldate A. M., Baumgartner D. J., Schuldt M. D., Davis, L. R. & Frick W. E. 1985 Initial mixing characteristics of municipal ocean discharges. Vol. 1, Procedures and applications. EPA/600/3–85/073a, Nov. 1985, 90 pp.
Nakagome, H. & Hirata M. 1976 The structure of turbulent diffusion in an axisymmetric thermal plume. Proc 1976 ICHMT Seminar on Turbulent Buoyant Convection, pp. 361372. Hemisphere.
Owen F. K. 1976 Simultaneous laser measurements of instantaneous velocity and concentration in turbulent mixing flows. AGARD Conf. Proc. 193, 27–1–27–7.Google Scholar
Papanicolaou P. N. 1984 Mass and momentum transport in a turbulent buoyant vertical axisymmetric jet. Rep. KH-R-46, May 1984. W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, California.Google Scholar
Papanicolaou, P. N. & List E. J. 1984 Turbulent mass and momentum transport in round vertical turbulent buoyant jets. Second Intl Symp. on Applications of Laser-Doppler Anemometry to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal.
Papanicolaou, P. N. & List E. J. 1987 Statistical and spectral properties of tracer concentration in round buoyant jets. Intl J. Heat and Mass Transfer 30, 20592071.Google Scholar
Ramaprian, B. R. & Chandrasekhara M. S. 1983 Study of vertical plane turbulent jets and plumes. IIHR Rep. 257, Iowa Inst. of Hydraulic Research.Google Scholar
Ricou, F. P. & Spalding D. B. 1960 Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. J. Fluid Mech. 11, 2132.Google Scholar
Rosenweig R. E., Hottel, H. C. & Williams G. C. 1961 Smoke scattered light measurement of turbulent concentration fluctuations. Chem. Engng Sci. 15, 111129.Google Scholar
Rosler, R. S. & Bankoff S. G. 1963 Large scale turbulence characteristics of a submerged water jet. AIChE J. 9, 672676.Google Scholar
Rouse H., Yih, C. S. & Humphreys H. W. 1952 Gravitational convection from a boundary source. Tellus 4, 201210.Google Scholar
Sforza, P. M. & Mons R. F. 1978 Mass, momentum and energy transport in turbulent free jets. Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer 21, 371384.Google Scholar
Taylor G. I. 1958 Flow induced by jets. J. Aero. Sci. 25, 464465.Google Scholar
Watrasiewicz, B. M. & Rudd M. J. 1976 Laser-Doppler Measurements. Butterworth.
Wilson, R. A. M. & Danckwerts P. V. 1964 Studies in turbulent mixing II: A hot air jet. Chem. Engng. Sci. 19, 885895.Google Scholar
Wygnanski, I. & Fiedler H. 1969 Some measurements in the self-preserving jet. J. Fluid Mech. 38, 577612.Google Scholar
Zimin, V. D. & Frik P. G. 1977 Averaged temperature fields in asymmetrical turbulent streams over localized heat sources. izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Mekh. Zhidi. Gaza 2, 199203.Google Scholar