Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIC - Chemistry
Surface chemistry and catalysis / Chimie des surfaces et catalyseAcid catalysts for clean production. Green aspects of heteropolyacid catalysts
Introduction
Green/sustainable chemistry (GSC) is, in a word, chemistry and chemical technology for environmentally friendly products and processes. Green chemistry has been defined as a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances throughout the entire life of chemical materials [1], [2]. If one compares the technology with medical care, GSC focuses on precaution (or prevention) rather than diagnosis and cure. When the GSC Network, Japan was launched, a new organization for the promotion of GSC activities, ‘green and sustainable chemistry’ was defined in a slightly broader sense, that is, innovative chemical technologies for sustainable society, including waste treatment and reuse. The chemical technologies are expected to realize such important objectives as ‘human and environmental health/safety’, and ‘efficient utilization of resources and energies’, by minimizing the undesirable environmental influences of chemical products and processes through all the steps of the product life cycle, that is, selection of feed stocks, manufacture, uses, waste treatments, etc.
In my view, GSC is a concept developed by integrating preceding ideas and activities such as environmentally benign (or friendly) products and processes, clean (or zero-waste) production, eco-chemistry, etc. Another important aspect of GSC is that it is a movement involving various disciplines, sectors and industries and aims at the shift of the present paradigm of the chemical industry (an entire system of materials flow) to a new paradigm.
Section snippets
Assessment of greenness (or green index). Trade-off relationships and case-by-case problems
Anastas and Warner proposed 12 principles for green chemistry [1]. As for green catalysts or catalysts for clean production, various targets of R & D [3], [4], such as solid acid catalysts, improvement of reaction media, synthetic routes of high atom economy and catalysts for selective oxidation, can be listed. However, it is difficult for any new technology to satisfy all of these principles or targets simultaneously, and there are usually trade-off relationships between these principles and
Heteropolyacids as green catalysts
Heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts are useful acid and oxidation catalysts that can be used in various reaction media, e.g. as solid catalysts (one surface and two bulk-type catalysis in both gas–solid and liquid–solid systems) and in homogeneous solution (organic and aqueous) and in bi-phase solution systems [5]. Here, several green/sustainable aspects of HPA catalysts are described.
Concluding remarks
The GSC movement, as I understand it, aims at chemical technology which constitutes an essential element of the future sustainable society, and attempts to make the present chemical products and processes much less harmful to human and environmental health with the consideration of the entire life cycles of chemical products. Here, the idea of placing more stress on the stage of design, as stated in the definition [1], [2], is important and useful. Appropriate green indexes are very necessary
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