Potential Uses of Caseinophosphopeptides

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Abstract

Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) are phosphorylated casein-derived peptides which possess the ability to bind and solubilise minerals, such as Ca2+. Consumption of high concentrations of Ca2+ in early life contributes to the development of maximal bone density, which in turn can prevent osteoporosis in later life. Furthermore, a recent report has shown a positive correlation between Ca2+ intake and the prevention of hypertension. The high bioavailability of Ca2+ from milk and dairy products has, in part, been attributed to the production of CPPs which have different levels of phosphorylation and are produced in vivo following digestion of αs1-,αs2- and β-casein by the action of gastrointestinal proteinases. CPPs which appear to be resistant to extensive proteolytic degradation, accumulate in the distal small intestine where they are purported to play a role in enhancing the passive absorption of Ca2+ and other trace elements. CPPs have also been produced in vitro using a range of commercially available proteinases of pancreatic origin. Several CPP enrichment procedures from casein hydrolysates have been reported, generally involving Ca2+ induced aggregation followed by ultrafiltration. These CPP enriched preparations have been used to characterise their interaction with Ca2+ and trace elements and to determine their effect on the bioavailability of dietary Ca2+ during animal and human feeding trials. There are conflicting reports, arising from the results of animal feeding studies, on the effectiveness of CPPs in enhancing Ca2+ bioavailability. However, a recent human feeding trial reported improved Ca2+ and Zn2+ absorption following CPP incorporation into a rice-based infant food. In vitro produced CPPs may also find application in the prevention and treatment of dental calculus. This review summarises the production, characterisation and potential applications of CPPs.

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