Characterisation of Aujeszky's disease viruses isolated from domestic animals and from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Italy between 1972 and 1995

doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00140-5

Veterinary Microbiology

Volume 57, Issues 2–3, September 1997, Pages 143-149

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00140-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

Following the isolation of a group I Aujeszky's disease virus from a wild boar in 1993, an investigation was carried out on 30 Italian Aujeszky's disease viruses (ADV's), isolated over a 23-yr period in 12 Italian regions, by means of restriction endonuclease analysis. All strains isolated between 1972 and 1984 belong to group I. From 1984 onwards group II isolates (II and II intermediate) replace group I isolates. The isolation of a group I virus in 1993 from a wild boar supports the hypothesis that ADV's may persist for several years in wild boar populations and that wild boars should therefore be considered reservoirs of Aujeszky's disease virus.

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The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Italian strains were divided into the following three clades. Clade 1 included eight strains from hunting dogs and one strain from a wild boar, and they were closely related to another strain (ITA561) that was previously isolated from Italian wild boar in 1993 (Capua et al., 1997) and other hunting dogs (Sozzi et al., 2014). This clade formed a separate Italian group (Italian clade 1) that was clearly distinguishable within Muller's clade A, which included the PRV European feral strains.
Aujeszky's disease (AD) is one of the most economically important diseases of farmed pigs. Wild boars can act as reservoirs and might represent a potential threat for domestic animals, including dogs. The aim of this study was to report the results of an AD survey based on the Pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome detection in samples of dogs clinically suspected of AD and of wild boars collected during four consecutive hunting seasons in the period 2010–2014. Genomic characterization was based on the partial gC sequence of the Italian strains and the comparison with those from domestic pigs and European PRV strains circulating in wild boars. The Italian PRV strains were mainly distributed into three different clusters and revealed two interesting findings. First, there was a clear distinction between the viral strains that were isolated from dogs used for hunting and subsequently traced back to wild boars and the strains that were isolated from working dogs and subsequently found to be closely related to domestic pigs. Second, the Italian epidemiological situation was found to be different from those of European countries in that the Italian situation was characterized by the presence of both the typical Italian clades 1 and 2 and supported by new patterns of aa deletions/insertions. Italian clade 1 included strains from hunting dogs and two Italian wild boars, and Italian clade 2 grouped with recent strains from dogs that were unable to hunt and domestic pigs that were related to one old reference strain (S66) and not included elsewhere. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of PRV strains are therefore necessary to improve the understanding of the distribution of the PRV clusters and their evolution.
Molecular characterization of Belgian pseudorabies virus isolates from domestic swine and wild boar
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Aujeszky's disease had spread nearly globally around the 1980s and this coincided with the emergence of more virulent PRV strains and management changes in the swine industry (Pomeranz et al., 2005). For European domestic swine isolates, there is evidence that type I strains were replaced by type II RFLP genotypes during the 1980s (Herrmann et al., 1984; Capua et al., 1997). For Belgian PRV isolates it is observed that two isolates from 1973 and 1976 exhibit a type I RFLP pattern, while most Belgian isolates from 1988 and 1989 are characterized as type II genotypes.
Aujeszky's disease is an economically important disease in domestic swine caused by suid herpesvirus 1, also called pseudorabies virus (PRV). In several European countries, including Belgium, the virus has successfully been eradicated from the domestic swine population. The presence of PRV in the wild boar population however poses a risk for possible reintroduction of the virus into the domestic pig population. It is therefore important to assess the genetic relatedness between circulating strains and possible epidemiological links. In this study, nine historical Belgian domestic swine isolates that circulated before 1990 and five recent wild boar isolates obtained since 2006 from Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were genetically characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and phylogenetic analysis. While all wild boar isolates were characterized as type I RFLP genotypes, the RFLP patterns of the domestic swine isolates suggest that a shift from genotype I to genotype II might have occurred in the 1980s in the domestic population. By phylogenetic analysis, Belgian wild boar isolates belonging to both clade A and B were observed, while all domestic swine isolates clustered within clade A. The joint phylogenetic analysis of both wild boar and domestic swine strains showed that some isolates with identical sequences were present within both populations, raising the question whether these strains represent an increased risk for reintroduction of the virus into the domestic population.
Detection and molecular characterization of Suid herpesvirus type 1 in Austrian wild boar and hunting dogs
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Therefore, it can be expected that the PCR-positive wild boars were infected by identical viruses. Our results are in line with previous observations suggesting that European wild boar almost exclusively host SuHV-1 genotype I strains (Capua et al., 1997; Müller et al., 1998b, 2010). The presence of two genetically distinct groups of SuHV-1, as suggested by phylogenetic analysis, was supported by RFLP patterns.
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For the first time, SuHV-1 was detected in Austrian wild boar and a molecular characterization of SuHV-1 isolated from wild boar and hunting dogs was performed. Results of preliminary serological analyses suggest a regional SuHV-1 seroprevalence of over 30% in free-living and almost 70% in fenced wild boar from Eastern Austria. Molecular typing of Austrian SuHV-1 isolates of wild boar origin revealed the presence of two genetically distinct variants of SuHV-1, both capable of infecting dogs that have been exposed to infected wild boar during hunting.
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Isolation and molecular characterization of a variant of Chinese gC-genotype II pseudorabies virus from a hunting dog infected by biting a wild boar in Japan and its pathogenicity in a mouse model
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Veterinary Microbiology

Abstract

References (13)

DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism among British isolates of Aujeszky's disease virus: use of the polymerase chain reaction to discriminate among strains

Br. Vet. J.

Isolation and characterisation of an Aujeszky's disease virus naturally infecting a wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Indagine sierologica su cinghiali dell'appennino Parmense

Atti. Soc. It. Sci. Vet.

Antibody prevalence of hog cholera, bovine viral diarrhea and Aujeszky's disease virus in wild boars in northern Germany

Dtsch. Tierarzt. Wschr.

Pseudorabies virus from clinical outbreaks and latent infections grouped into four major genome types

Epidemiologie moleculaire de la maladie d'Aujeszky en France

J. Rech. Porcine France

Cited by (25)

Detection and molecular analysis of Pseudorabies virus strains isolated from dogs and a wild boar in Italy

Molecular characterization of Belgian pseudorabies virus isolates from domestic swine and wild boar

Detection and molecular characterization of Suid herpesvirus type 1 in Austrian wild boar and hunting dogs

Characterization of pseudorabies virus of wild boar origin from Europe

Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission

Isolation and molecular characterization of a variant of Chinese gC-genotype II pseudorabies virus from a hunting dog infected by biting a wild boar in Japan and its pathogenicity in a mouse model