International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
Clinical investigation: head and neckIntensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer: The UCSF experience focusing on target volume delineation
Introduction
(Table 1). Head-and-neck cancers are ideal sites for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) application because the tumors often occur in close proximity to multiple critical normal tissues such as the brainstem, optic chiasm, optic nerves, and the spinal cord 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In addition, because there is a lack of organ motion in the head-and-neck region, daily patient setups can be reproduced accurately, with adequate immobilization. Furthermore, because head-and-neck cancer often presents in a locally advanced stage, dose escalation to the primary tumor using IMRT may result in an improvement in local control.
IMRT, however, has a very sharp dose fall-off gradient between the target and surrounding normal tissue. This potential pitfall makes adequate target volume delineation absolutely essential 2, 11, 12. The treatment planning system will not treat areas not drawn on the computed tomographic (CT) slices, and the algorithm will even “work hard” to spare regions that are not contoured. Precise target volume delineation is dependent on a thorough physical examination and adequate imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially near the skull base region. Given these issues, at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center, target volume delineation is done with a multidisciplinary team approach consisting of the radiation oncologist, the neuroradiologist, and, in the postoperative setting, the head-and-neck surgeon. The target volumes of each case are carefully and accurately defined jointly by the multidisciplinary team. The authors present a series of head-and-neck cancer patients treated with IMRT between 1995 and 2002, focusing on the importance of target volume delineation.
Section snippets
Patient and staging evaluation
Between April 1995 and January 2002, 150 head-and-neck cancer patients were treated with IMRT in the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco; treatment was definitive in 107 patients and followed gross total resection in 43 patients. There were 103 males and 47 females, with a mean age of 53 (range 17 to 85). Sites included were nasopharynx 86, oropharynx 22, paranasal sinus 22, thyroid 6, oral tongue 3, nasal cavity 2, salivary gland 2, larynx 2, hypopharynx 1,
Treatment outcomes
With a median follow-up of 21 months for the entire series of 150 patients (range 6 to 78 months), there were 10 treatment failures in the GTV, (of which 6 were in the postoperative setting), and 1 patient failed in the CTV. There have been no marginal failures observed. The overall 2- and 3-year local freedom from progression (LFFP) rates were 94% and 87%, respectively (Table 2).
For the 107 primary cases with a median follow-up of 25 months (range 6 to 78 months), only four failures have been
Discussion
As we enter the era of highly conformal radiotherapy, radiation oncologists are faced with a dilemma: what exactly needs to be included in the treatment volume? Different guidelines have been proposed regarding this issue 10, 12, 21, 22, 23. There can be significant inter-physician variability in producing target volumes and radiation treatment plans for conformal radiotherapy. One study comparing target volumes delineated by three diagnostic radiologists and eight radiation oncologists showed
Conclusion
Adequate target volume delineation in IMRT treatment for head-and-neck cancer is essential. Our multidisciplinary approach in target volume definition resulted in few recurrences with excellent LFFP rates and no marginal failures. Higher treatment failure rates were noted in the postoperative setting. Potential dose escalation studies may further improve the local control rates in the postoperative setting.
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