Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer
Water line intensities in the near-infrared and visible
Introduction
Water is molecule number one in the list of atmospheric species in the HITRAN database [1], [2]. Its number one status is a reflection of the dominant influence water has in both the absorption of sunlight as it passes through our atmosphere and its role as the predominant greenhouse gas. The rotation-vibration spectrum of water is not only complicated but also extensive. It is therefore unsurprising that there have been many detailed studies of the water spectrum, see [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18] for examples at the near-infrared and visible wavelengths which concern us here. Despite these studies, even basic line parameters. such the intensity of the strongest lines in the near-infrared and optical region, remain a subject of debate [19].
In particular the influence of relatively small changes (∼10%) in line intensities for water have been shown to have significant influence on radiation transfer in the earth's atmosphere. Indeed changes of this magnitude could account for much of the missing absorption in the atmosphere [20], [21]. Recently Belmiloud et al. [19] suggested that the data in the 1996 edition of HITRAN [1], and those corrected by Giver et al. [22], systematically underestimate the effects of strong water lines in the near-infrared and red region of the spectrum, among the most critical regions for these absorptions. The details of the experiment giving rise to this assertion and the associated parameters were subsequently published by Schermaul et al. [14], [23] and made available electronically as the ESA-WVR linelist [24]. The ESA-WVR linelist covered the range 8592–. In a parallel study Brown et al. [16] analyzed in detail the line parameters of water in the range –. Their complete data, which covered the extended range 9650–, is included in the 2000 edition of HITRAN. Brown et al.'s data also leads to an increase in the overall absorption by water but only by about half that given by ESA-WVR. Brown et al.'s analysis also emphasized the difficulty of getting reliable data for absorption by isotopically substituted water from spectra recorded for water in natural abundance. Coheur et al. [17] have also recently reported a long pathlength study of water vapor and water–air spectra which covers the – region. This work again finds increased absorption by water vapor, by about 5%, compared to HITRAN but, in the region where they overlap, somewhat lower intensities than given by ESA-WVR [24].
In this paper we attempt to develop a strategy for determining reliable line intensities for water. This strategy addresses strong lines, weak lines, isotopically substituted water and spectral assignments. For the strong line data we re-analyze the data recorded as part of the ESA-WVR study to try and pinpoint the source of the discrepancy between that work and the study of Brown et al. Finally the need for independent means of testing the reliability of water vapor line parameters is emphasized.
Section snippets
Data sources: an overview
The large dynamic range of water absorption intensities required for atmospheric modeling means that line parameters are difficult, if not impossible, to determine from a single experiment. To accumulate the best possible data for each case, the most reliable way of generating water line parameters would therefore appear to be to combine data obtained from a variety of sources.
The wavelengths of strong line absorptions by water in the near-infrared and optical are well known [3], [4], [12], [13]
Re-analysis of the strong line intensities
Fig. 1 compares line intensities reported in the ESA-WVR [24] and HITRAN [2] databases. The figure shows clear systematic differences. A frequency-dependent analysis shows that the data reported by Brown et al. [16] largely gives a linear feature showing systematic differences at the less than 10% level, while larger systematic differences arise from longer wavelength spectra. Brown et al. made a particularly careful study and obtained results which differ from Schermaul et al.'s ESA-WVR work
Conclusions
Although the HITRAN data base is an invaluable source of data on water line parameters, there remains a number of outstanding problems with these parameters at near-infrared and visible wavelengths. Our strategy for tackling these issues is based on four separate approaches: analysis of water–air spectra to determine parameters for strong lines, analysis of long pathlength pure water spectra to obtain parameters for weaker water lines, analysis of isotopically enhanced spectra to obtain data on
Acknowledgements
We thank Jim Brault and Roland Schermaul for helpful conversations during the course of this work. We thank a referee for helpful comments on our original manuscript. This work has been supported by the UK Research Councils NERC and EPSRC, The Royal Society, the INTAS foundation and the Russian Fund for Fundamental Studies.
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Permanent address: Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Uljanov Street 46, Nizhnii Novgorod 603024, Russia.