Photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance

doi:10.1016/j.yofte.2018.04.006

Optical Fiber Technology

Volume 43, July 2018, Pages 90-94

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2018.04.006 Get rights and content

Highlights

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We combine surface plasma resonance (SPR) with PCF in simulation.
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The proposed D-shape sensor avoids the metal filling inside the air-holes of PCF.
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The designed PCF has simple structure and excellent sensing effects.
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The designed PCF sensor has high sensitivity and wide detection rang.

Abstract

A high sensitivity photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed and evaluated using the finite element method. Besides, the coupling phenomenon is studied. The gold layer deposited on the polishing surface of D-shape PCF is used as the metal to stimulate surface plasma, which can improves the sensitivity. Through exquisite design, the birefringence of the fiber is improved, which makes the loss of y-polarization far greater than the loss of x-polarization. The D-shape fiber avoids filling metal and liquid into the air-holes, which can contact with fluid directly to feel temperature. When the phase matching condition is satisfied, the core mode will couple with the surface plasma mode. The resonance position of y-polarization is very sensitive to the temperature change. The simulation shows that the PCF has high sensitivity of 36.86 nm/°C in y-polarization and wide detection that from 10 °C to 85 °C.

Introduction

Optical fiber sensor has many excellent features, such as resistance to electromagnetic interference, electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, intrinsically safe, high sensitivity, light weight, small size, variable shape, easy to reuse, low cost and so on. Because of the flexible structure of photonic crystal fiber (PCF), the temperature-sensitive material is filled into PCF to realize the PCF temperature sensor. It has an important research value in theory and practice. Many scholars have studied the design or fabrication of photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor. Moreover, in order to improve the sensitivity of the temperature sensor, PCF is combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and optical interference principle. Chen [1] proposed a ultracompact photonics crystal fibers temperature sensor with a sensitivity of 2.82 nm/°C. Liu [2] proposed a photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on coupling between liquid core mode and defect mode with sensitivity of 1.85 nm/°C. R. Boufenar [3] investigated theoretically a highly birefringence photonic crystal fiber for temperature sensing application, in which the temperature sensitivity coefficient can up to 7.51 × 10⁻⁶ by Celsius degree. Erick Eyes-Vera [4] studied a sensitive temperature sensor using a sagnac-loop interferometer based on a side-hole photonic crystal fiber filled with metal, the high temperature sensitivity of 9.0 nm/°C could be achieved with the indium filled side-hole PCF. In 2017, the temperature sensitivity of 42. 99 nm/°C was realized using liquid infiltrated asymmetric dual elliptical core photonic crystal fiber [5]. Li [6] proposed a high sensitivity fiber Sagnac interferometer temperature sensor using a selective ethanol filled photonic crystal fiber, the temperature sensitivity of the sagnac interferometer is 1.65 nm/°C in the range of 25 to 33 °C. A temperature sensor in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with high spatial resolution is achieved [7]. J. M A [8] showed fiber-based temperature sensor possesses high sensitivity of − 6.02 nm/°C, with a resolution of 3.32 × 10⁻³ °C, in the temperature range from −80 °C to 90 °C. A photonic crystal fiber sensor with sensitivity of −65.83 nm/°C in the temperature range of 30–70 °C was realized in 2017 [9]. Zhang P simplified hollow core fiber based Fabry-Perot interferometer with modified vernier effect for temperature measurement, a high temperature sensitivity of 1.019 nm/°C was achieved [10]. Zhao Yong designed a new sensing method for simultaneous measurement of seawater temperature and salinity with C-type micro-structure fiber [11] He also studied the applications of graphene in fiber optic temperature sensors and biosensors [12].

In this work, a temperature PCF sensor based on SPR is demonstrated using the finite element method. The D type structure can avoid the filling of metal and thermo-sensitive materials into air-holes, which can reduce technical difficulty and provide uniform and more contact area. By coating gold film on the polishing surface of D-shape PCF, the surface plasma is formed which greatly improving its sensing sensitivity. When the phase matching condition is satisfied, the surface plasmon will couple with the light of core mode. Through model analysis, the designed PCF shows high sensitivity and wide detection rang, which is competitive with the reported temperature sensor.

Section snippets

Basic principle theory

Fig. 1(a) shows the cross section of the designed PCF temperature sensor. The lattice pitch is Λ = 2μm.The diameter of the largest red air-hole is D = 2.6 μm. The diameter of the smaller air-hole is d₁ = 1.0 μm. The diameter of other air-holes is d₂ = 1.2 μm. Considering the good ductility and oxidation resistance of gold, the gold layer is choosed as the surface plasma exciter, which is coated on the polishing surface of D-shape PCF. Here the four smaller airholes and the bigger air-hole of

The simulation results and analysis

At first, the coupling theory between the core mode and surface plasma mode is discussed. Fig. 2. shows the electric field distributions of the (a) surface plasma mode and (b) core mode when the temperature T = 70 °C, and the thickness of gold film t = 20 nm. The arrow represents the direction of the electric field. Fig. 3 is the effective refractive curve of core mode in y-polarization and surface plasmon mode. The effective refractive index curve of the y-core mode intersects with the

Conclusion

In conclusion, a D-shape photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed and evaluated using the finite element method. Through exquisite structural design and SPR effect, the sensitivity is enhanced. The gold layer coated on the polishing surface of D-shape PCF is used as the metal to form surface plasma. When the phase matching condition is satisfied, the core mode will couple with the surface plasma mode. The resonance position of y-polarization is

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61475134, 61505175) and self-financing project of Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province (Grant No. 17210403).

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Highly efficient compact temperature sensor using liquid infiltrated asymmetric dual elliptical core photonic crystal fiber
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A highly temperature-sensitive photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance
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High sensitivity all-fiber Sagnac interferometer temperature sensor using a selective ethanol-filled photonic crystal fiber
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There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

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Citation Excerpt :
It is worth noting that the fitting linearity R2 of the dip 2 reaches to 0.97488 and that of the dip 1 is only 0.89370. Refer to the literatures [15,31–33], the dip 2 with linearity R2 of 0.97488 can be used as the sensing interference dip, but the dip 1 is not a high-quality choice due to the extremely low fitting linearity. The conclusion can be obtained that the proposed PCF sensor based on FM1 can achieve a single sensing interference dip with high average sensitivity of 18.27 nm/ °C, which is much higher than some reported results [10,19,28,29].
A temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer (SI) using photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with circular layout is proposed. Temperature measurement can be realized by filling the temperature sensitive liquid with high thermo-optic coefficient into the air holes. Considering the convenience of the experimental operation, three easy-to-operate liquid filling methods (FMs) were used to investigate the optical transmission characteristics of this sensor by the finite element method (FEM), the results show that two of which exhibit respective detection advantages in different aspects. One of the feasible methods is that all air holes are filled with temperature sensitive liquid. A single sensing interference dip with high detection sensitivity can be achieved, its average sensitivity reaches to 18.27 nm/°C. Another method is that only the large size air holes are filled with the temperature sensitive liquid. Two sensing interference dips with good linearity can be realized simultaneously. The linearity R² are up to 0.99947 and 0.99877, corresponding average sensitivities are 9.47 and 8.57 nm/°C, respectively. Besides, these two proposed FMs are easier to be completed than FMs of some reported works. The proposed PCF temperature sensor with excellent detection performances, simple FMs and structural design has great application prospects to detect environmental temperature.

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Regular ArticlesPhotonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Basic principle theory

The simulation results and analysis

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

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High sensitivity all-fiber Sagnac interferometer temperature sensor using a selective ethanol-filled photonic crystal fiber

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Regular Articles
Photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance