Clinical StudiesCognitive impairment is associated with greater preoperative symptoms, worse health-related quality of life, and reduced likelihood of recovery after cervical and lumbar spine surgery
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Keywords
cognitive impairment
Neck Disability Index
Oswestry Disability Index
pain intensity Numeric Rating Scale
patient-reported outcomes
Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System
spine surgery
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© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of North American Spine Society.