ReviewIn vivo guiding inorganic nanozymes for biosensing and therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation and microbial infections
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Nanozymes are defined as nanomaterials with dimensions of 1–100 nm that exhibit catalytic activities similar to those of natural enzymes [[1], [2], [3]]. The enzymatic activity of nanozymes is related to chemical and physical properties such as the presence of active groups and the size and morphology of the particles, respectively [2,4,5]. Initially, nanozymes were used for industrial activities such as biodiesel production, nanobiosensors, materials synthesis, and so on, whereas its medical activities are drastically increasing in the recent years [[6], [7], [8]]. Nanozymes can sometimes perform more than one catalytic activity, which in some cases are considered as merits and some other cases are considered as disadvantageous points [9,10]. To date, more than 540 nanozymes of 49 elements have been reported [11], which iron oxide (IO) NPs and gold (Au) NPs attract more attention in biomedical activities due to their safety and chemically inert in vivo [1,12,13]. Thus, despite the widespread advances in nanozymes, only a few cases have been used in biomedical applications.
Accordingly, the reported results show that nanozymes, despite their simpler manufacturing processes, cheaper and more stability in different environments than previous methods [[14], [15], [16]], are encountered with a number of limitations such as environmental pollution, unintended toxicity in biological activities, and high stability in the body [1,2,10]. Therefore, because of the importance of biological, chemical, therapeutic, and diagnostic activities of NPs in the form of enzymatic matrix and nanozymes, this review aims to provide a policy and possible comparisons between the published reports.
Since the enzymatic activities of the NPs are almost inhibited upon immobilization of biomolecules on their surface, thus the enzymatic activities of the NPs are more discussed in the field of nanozymes. The enzymatic activity of nanozymes is correlated with the physicochemical features of NPs [17,18]. Substantial progress has been developed in the field of nanozymes due to their novel characteristics relative to native enzymes and synthetic enzymes [19]. Several nanomaterials have been used to imitate a number of native enzymes for a wide range of applications from sensing to medicine and beyond [19]. In the therapeutic systems, the application of nanozymes is crucially based on the antioxidant activity of nanozymes and associated reduction of reactive nitrogen or oxygen species [20,21]. Accordingly, the utilization of nanozymes can be defined to treat several disorders such as the neurodegenerative diseases [22,23], inflammation and stroke [24,25], diabetes [26], and cancer [27,28]. It has also been depicted that the utilization of nanozymes can be considered as a potential approach in imaging [29,30]. However, due to the importance of safety and quality factors, the use of nanozymes and even NPs containing enzymes for the detection of diseases and abnormalities in human has received more attention, recently [31,32]. In this regard, a variety of reports have been presented showing the speed of operation, accuracy and user-friendly in different conditions [[33], [34], [35], [36], [37]].
Section snippets
Classification of nanozymes
In general, the enzymatic activity of nanozymes is based on the atoms on the surface and core of the NPs [1]. Therefore, not only factors such as size, morphology, coating, surface modification, pH and temperature can greatly affect the catalytic activity of nanozymes, but also the main factor in the intrinsic activity of nanozymes is their atomic composition. Thus, the integration of different NPs could alter the intrinsic nature of nanozymes or provide multiple enzymatic activities [9,38].
Applications
Nanomaterials/NPs can perform catalytic activities like biological macromolecules. Therefore, nanomaterials with catalytic activity can be used in the therapeutic applications (Table 2), including biosensing and delivery. However, due to the toxicity of nanomaterials, the application of nanozymes in biomedical settings has a severe constraint [41]. Thus, the use of nanozymes in medical diagnosis is much more promising than the treatment section.
Challenges and future perspective of nanozymes in biomedical activities
Despite significant advances in the development and application of nanozymes in biomedical activities, there are some challenges to be addressed as following:
- 1.
Since nanozymes are produced by trial and error methods, to control their catalytic activities, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate the simulations and computational approaches before making nanozymes. Unfortunately, despite published reports such as Li et al. [93], theoretical calculations on the manufacture of nanozymes have
Summary and outlook
Enzymatic biosensing by nanozymes that is a hot topic in biotechnology has become commercialized and expanded in the last decade to increase the quality of healthcare. Compared to previous methods, the use of enzymatic biosensing has not only accelerated diagnostic, sample preparation, and real-time testing, but also increased sensitivity and detection limit. In this way, nanozymes can provide biomedical operation from lab to hospital, and have the ability to simultaneously analyze several
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the Research grant from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant No. 2020M672291. The statement here is the sole responsibility of the authors.
References (116)
- et al.
Gold nanozyme: biosensing and therapeutic activities
Mater. Sci. Eng. C
(2020) - et al.
Nanozymes with intrinsic peroxidase-like activities
J. Mol. Liq.
(2019) - et al.
Cancer diagnosis using nanomaterials based electrochemical nanobiosensors
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2019) - et al.
Involvement of planned cell death of necroptosis in cancer treatment by nanomaterials: recent advances and future perspectives
J. Contr. Release
(2019) - et al.
Iridium nanocrystals encapsulated liposomes as near-infrared light controllable nanozymes for enhanced cancer radiotherapy
Biomaterials
(2018) - et al.
Copper (II) oxide nanozyme based electrochemical cytosensor for high sensitive detection of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer
J. Electroanal. Chem.
(2018) - et al.
Mediated biosensors
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2002) Biosensors and their applications–A review
J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res.
(2016)- et al.
Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors
Biotechnol. Adv.
(2012) - et al.
Biologically friendly room temperature ionic liquids and nanomaterials for the development of innovative enzymatic biosensors
Talanta
(2017)
Plasmonic and chiroplasmonic nanobiosensors based on gold nanoparticles
Talanta
Plasmonic gold nanoparticles: optical manipulation, imaging, drug delivery and therapy
J. Contr. Release
Nanozyme-based Sensing Platforms for Detection of Toxic Mercury Ions: an Alternative Approach to Conventional Methods
Development of Point-Of-Care Nanobiosensors for Breast Cancers Diagnosis
Iridium/ruthenium nanozyme reactors with cascade catalytic ability for synergistic oxidation therapy and starvation therapy in the treatment of breast cancer
Biomaterials
Ru@CeO2 yolk shell nanozymes: oxygen supply in situ enhanced dual chemotherapy combined with photothermal therapy for orthotopic/subcutaneous colorectal cancer
Biomaterials
A mitochondria-targeting magnetothermogenic nanozyme for magnet-induced synergistic cancer therapy
Biomaterials
Mitochondria-targeted TPP-MoS2 with dual enzyme activity provides efficient neuroprotection through M1/M2 microglial polarization in an Alzheimer's disease model
Biomaterials
MOF-encapsulated nanozyme enhanced siRNA combo: control neural stem cell differentiation and ameliorate cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease model
Biomaterials
The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in depression and cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular Implications of Stress and Depression
Elsevier
Relevance of the antioxidant properties of methotrexate and doxycycline to their treatment of cardiovascular disease
Pharmacol. Therapeut.
Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
Recurrent exposure to ferric oxide nanoparticles alters myocardial oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrotic markers in male mice
Chem. Biol. Interact.
Redox-dependent catalase mimetic cerium oxide-based nanozyme protect human hepatic cells from 3-AT induced acatalasemia
Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces
Ceria/POMs hybrid nanoparticles as a mimicking metallopeptidase for treatment of neurotoxicity of amyloid-b peptide
Biomaterials
ROS scavenging Mn3O4 nanozymes for in vivo anti-inflammation
Chem. Sci.
Electrochemical generation of Fe3C/N-doped graphitic carbon nanozyme for efficient wound healing in vivo
Carbon
Bienzymatic synergism of vanadium oxide nanodots to efficiently eradicate drug-resistant bacteria during wound healing in vivo
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
Mechanism of pH-switchable peroxidase and catalase-like activities of gold, silver, platinum and palladium
Biomaterials
A novel glucose sensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase on the chitosancoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the luminol–H2O2–gold nanoparticle chemiluminescence detection system
Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.
Activation of biologically relevant levels of reactive oxygen species by Au/g-C3N4 hybrid nanozyme for bacteria killing and wound disinfection
Biomaterials
Nanozymes: gold‐nanoparticle‐based transphosphorylation catalysts
Angew. Chem.
Antioxidant properties of gold nanozyme: a review
J. Mol. Liq.
Antimetastatic activity of lactoferrin-coated mesoporous maghemite nanoparticles in breast cancer enabled by combination therapy
ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.
Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes (II)
Chem. Soc. Rev.
Nanozymes: classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity regulation, and applications
Chem. Rev.
Ferritins as natural and artificial nanozymes for theranostics
Theranostics
Nanozyme-based catalytic theranostics
RSC Adv.
Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles
Nat. Nanotechnol.
Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials
3 Biotech
Cascade enzymes within self-assembled hybrid nanogel mimicked neutrophil lysosomes for singlet oxygen elevated cancer therapy
Nat. Commun.
Nanodevices for the immobilization of therapeutic enzymes
Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.
Nanozyme: New Horizons for Responsive Biomedical Applications
Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes
Chem. Soc. Rev.
Nanozymes in bionanotechnology: from sensing to therapeutics and beyond
Inorg. Chem. Front.
Self‐Assembly of multi‐nanozymes to mimic an intracellular antioxidant defense system
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Selenium‐based nanozyme as biomimetic antioxidant machinery
Chem. Eur J.
A Macrophage− nanozyme delivery system for Parkinson's disease
Bioconjugate Chem.
A redox modulatory Mn3O4 nanozyme with multi‐enzyme activity provides efficient cytoprotection to human cells in a Parkinson's disease model
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Cited by (35)
Transition metal-based nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms and emerging biomedical applications
2024, Coordination Chemistry ReviewsCatalytic imaging-guided cancer therapy using non-coordinated and coordinated nanozymes
2024, Coordination Chemistry ReviewsBioinspired chiral nanozymes: Synthesis strategies, classification, biological effects and biomedical applications
2024, Coordination Chemistry ReviewsInflammation-responsive drug delivery nanosystems for treatment of bacterial-induced sepsis
2023, International Journal of Pharmaceutics5-Fluorouracil nano-delivery systems as a cutting-edge for cancer therapy
2023, European Journal of Medicinal ChemistryCitation Excerpt :They show some distinctive qualities compared to natural enzymes, including tailored drug delivery, and controlled catalytic activity coupled with higher stability and cheaper cost [87]. By boosting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improving drug permeability, nanozymes can directly attack cancer cells [88]. Due to its ability to mimic both peroxidase (PMA) and catalase (CMA), platinum is among the important nanozymes in this area.