ReviewInsights into Parkinson's disease models and neurotoxicity using non-invasive imaging
Section snippets
Neurotoxic models of Parkinson's disease
The capacity of a number of pharmacological agents and environmental toxins to lesion specific neural populations has been used extensively to mimic the pathological and functional alterations that characterize neurodegenerative disorders. These experimental models are useful for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies directed to obtain symptomatic relief and to slow down the degenerative process (neuroprotection). On the basis of experimental and clinical findings, Parkinson's disease (PD)
In vivo functional imaging of DA neurotoxicity
Functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) make it possible to evaluate in vivo specific neural circuits in the brain before and after administration of a neurotoxin. Predictive models of disease progression are required for testing disease-modifying hypothesis and for this purpose non-invasive imaging techniques can play a fundamental role (Brownell et al., 1998a, Brownell et al., 1999). Studies combining the
Conclusions
In summary, current methodology using non-invasive imaging techniques allows detailed in vivo investigation of the DA system in normal and disease states. It is possible to quantify the extent of DA neuronal loss, the development of compensatory changes, and the involvement of other (non-DA) brain regions. These studies are important to estimate biological variables like the rate of progression of the disease, in order to evaluate the impact of therapeutic and neuroprotective interventions. In
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by NIH Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center Grant (P50 NS39793), NIH grant (R01 NS41263), USAMRMC grant (DAMD17-01-1-0762) to OI, and P51 RR00168. The support of the Kinetics Foundation, the Parkinson's Foundation National Capital Area, the Consolidated Anti-Aging Foundation, the Orchard Foundation, and the Michael Stern Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged.
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