Design of an optical sensor for indirect determination of isoniazid

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Abstract

The characterization of an optical sensor membrane is described for indirect determination of isoniazid. The sensing membrane was consisted of immobilized 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (PDT) on a triacetylcellulose membrane.

The procedure is based on the reaction of Fe(III) with isoniazid in the presence of PDT. Fe(III) is reduced by isoniazid to Fe(II) which forms a complex with PDT. The complex shows an absorption maximum at 558 nm. By measuring the absorbance of the complex at this wavelength, isoniazid can be determined in the range of 0.62–6.15 μg mL−1. This method was applied to the determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical formulation and enabled the determination of isoniazid in microgram quantities.

Introduction

Isoniazid, pyridine-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide, is an antituberculosis agent, which is usually used to prevent the development of clinical tuberculosis. Isoniazid is efficient in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; on other hand poisoning accidents, even death, have sometimes happened because of overdosage with isoniazid [1]. Therefore, the assay of isoniazid level in human body fluids and in pharmaceutical preparations is vital for clinical purposes and the relatively small concentration difference between effectively therapeutic and toxic dosage makes it very necessary to develop rapid and specific methods for determining isoniazid level. This has prompted many investigators to devise methods for the rapid determination of isoniazid in its pure form as well as in pharmaceutical preparations.

The determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids were studied using different methods. These include spectrophotometry [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], capillary electrophoresis [11], [12], [13], flow injection chemiluminescence [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], colorimetry [21], [22], [23], titrimetry [24], [25], [26], oxidometry [27], [28] chromatography [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], atomic absorption spectrometry [36] and electrochemical methods [1], [37], [38], [39], [40].

Most of the reported methods require more sophisticated instrumentation or need sample pretreatment and time-consuming extraction or evaporation steps prior to the analysis. To the best of our knowledge, no attempt has been made up to now to assay isoniazid using optical sensor.

Here the design of an optical sensor to assay the drug in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations is described, without the need for sample pretreatment or any time-consuming extraction or evaporation steps prior to the analysis.

PDT is a ferrion type ligand that selectively reacts with iron(II) and forms a strongly colored complex [41]. The reagent is hardly soluble in water but retained strongly on the triacetylcellulose membrane. Isoniazid can be determined by reduction of Fe(III) and measurement of the absorbance of the complex formed between Fe(II) and PDT on the membrane.

Section snippets

Reagents

All reagents were of analytical reagent grade. Triply distilled water was used throughout the study.

A 1000 μg mL−1 isoniazid (Merck) solution was prepared daily by dissolving 0.01 g of the compound in 10 mL of water. This solution was kept in the refrigerator. Working standards were prepared by appropriate dilution of the above solution with water.

Standard Fe(III) solution (0.01 mol L−1) was prepared in H2SO4 (5%, v/v) from ammonium ferric sulfate (NH4)Fe(SO4)2·12H2O (Merck).

Stock solution of PDT,

Absorption spectra

Iron(III) has the ability to react with isoniazid and oxidize it. Upon the reaction of Fe(III) with isoniazid, Fe(II) is formed which selectively reacts with PDT in the membrane forming a stable cationic magenta complex with maximum absorbance at 558 nm. The absorbance of the membrane at 558 nm is used as a suitable signal for indirect determination of isoniazid concentration.

The absorption spectra of immobilized form of PDT at pH 4 on hydrolyzed cellulose acetate are shown in Fig. 1. The

Conclusion

The paper demonstrates the possibility of indirect analysis of isoniazid using a simple optode. The method is based on reduction of Fe(III) by isoniazid in solution followed by the determination of Fe(II)–PDT complex formed in the membrane.

Thus, the proposed method can be used as an alternative procedure for rapid and routine determination of bulk samples and various pharmaceutical formulations in microgram quantities without the need for sample pretreatment or any time-consuming extraction or

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this work by Third World Academy of Sciences, Iran Chapter (TWASIC) and Shiraz University Research Council. Shiraz University Research Council. They also wish to thank Miss F. Sedaghati for her assistance in this work.

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