Update: Acute Coronary Syndromes (II)
Invasive Treatment of Non–ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Cardiac Catheterization/Revascularization for All?Tratamiento invasivo del síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST: ¿cateterismo cardiaco/revascularización en todos los casos?

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Abstract

Patients admitted to hospital with symptoms and signs of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes have different risk profiles and are in need of an individualized approach that takes into consideration not only age and sex but also comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, hypertension, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, earlier revascularization, etc. According to evidence-based medicine and as documented in current guidelines, there is currently evidence for early catheterization and, if feasible, revascularization in high-risk patients, especially in men. Nevertheless, because of a lack of definitive evidence, there is uncertainty about treating women in the same way. Because women are usually older and have more comorbidities, they are frailer and revascularization should be indicated with greater caution. There is no evidence that catheterization as such is worse for women than for men; however, for both men and women with low risk, a less invasive approach, such as coronary computed tomography angiography, could be considered as a first diagnostic tool.

Resumen

Los pacientes hospitalizados con signos y síntomas de síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST presentan perfiles de riesgo diferentes y requieren un enfoque individualizado que tenga en cuenta no solamente la edad y el sexo, sino también las comorbilidades como diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia renal, hipertensión, insuficiencia cardiaca, enfermedad arterial periférica, revascularización más temprana, etc. Según la medicina basada en la evidencia y tal como se documenta en las guías, actualmente hay evidencia que respalda el uso temprano de cateterismo y, si es factible, la revascularización para los pacientes de alto riesgo, sobre todo varones. No obstante, dada la falta de evidencia clara, hay incertidumbre respecto a la conveniencia de tratar a las mujeres de la misma forma. Las mujeres suelen ser de más edad y con más comorbilidades, son más frágiles, por lo que la revascularización debe indicarse con más precaución. No hay evidencia de que el cateterismo como tal sea peor para las mujeres que para los varones; sin embargo, se podría considerar un abordaje menos invasivo, como la angiografía por tomografía computarizada, como primer método diagnóstico tanto para varones como para mujeres de riesgo bajo.

Section snippets

INTRODUCTION

The acute treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is no longer under discussion as primary percutaneous coronary intervention has become the treatment of choice. In contrast, non—ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris, often referred to as non—ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS), is still under debate regarding if, when, and how to invasively diagnose and treat the condition. Therefore, this review will deal only with this

RISK STRATIFICATION

Risk stratification is often based on electrocardiogram changes2, 3, 4 and elevation of myocardial damage markers, in which troponins are currently the established choice for predicting death and myocardial infarction (MI) and benefit from an invasive strategy.5, 6

Risk stratification is dependent not only on electrocardiogram and biomarkers but also on the patient's comorbidity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A number of risk factor scores have been constructed, among them

Why and When?

Revascularization of NSTEACS populations is done to relieve symptoms, increase quality of life, reduce the incidence of a new infarction, and possibly prolong life and is a class I-recommendation in European Society of Cardiology guidelines on NSTEACS, at least for patients with medium- or high-risk features.1

For most patients with NSTEACS, without need for urgent revascularization, there was an intense debate during the 1990s whether an invasive approach, with routine coronary angiography

CONCLUSION

The treatment of choice for NSTEACS is currently coronary angiography and, if feasible, revascularization, preferably percutaneous coronary intervention. The timing of angiography depends on the patient's risk. There is uncertainty about whether this is entirely true also for women, as data from underpowered subgroup analyses are divergent. However, for as long as there is insufficient evidence for doing otherwise, women and men should be treated equally. The clinical challenge is to identify

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

None declared.

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