Appraisal of marigold flower based lutein as natural colourant for textile dyeing under the influence of gamma radiations
Introduction
Since bronze age, dyeing has been considered as the most important part in textile industry. European Union (EU) and the world's renowned associations such as, Global Organic Textile Standards (GOTS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA), etc. have warned that many intermediates of synthetic dyes used during textile processing are causing water pollution and disturbing the eco-balance of the globe (Das and Mondal, 2013, Islam et al., 2013). These synthetic dyes can also cause skin diseases, damage to eyes, bones and liver (Haji et al., 2014, Sinha et al., 2012). Many consumers have faced different problems regarding their health after the use of synthetic textile products. Considering the situation, different countries such as Germany, Canada, USA, etc. have imposed the ban on the frequent use of these dyes in textiles, foodstuffs and other related fields (Guinot et al., 2006, Komboonchoo and Bechtold, 2009, Kanchana et al., 2013). Moreover, due to environmental consciousness, the people are also moving towards eco-friendly natural dye stuffs (Kamel et al., 2011; Shahid and Mohammad, 2013). These dyestuffs are non-toxic, easily biodegradable (Meksi et al., 2012), soothing to eyes with brilliant shades and attract the people towards nature (Haddar et al., 2014a, Shahid et al., 2013). In addition, many dye yielding plants also exhibit antimicrobial (Haji, 2013, Riaz et al., 2012) and antioxidant activities (Siva et al., 2011), thus attracting the attention of researchers for revival of natural dyes in textiles (Riaz et al., 2014, Shahid et al., 2013).
The main problem associated with wide utilization of natural dyes in textile is their poor colour strength and fastness properties. Textile researchers are trying to improve colour strength and fastness properties of different natural and synthetic fabrics using natural dyes through various dyeing techniques. These techniques include biopolishing, cationization, mercerization and ultrasonic treatments (Haji and Shoushtari, 2011, Kamel et al., 2005), microwave (Nourmohammadian and Gholami, 2008) and UV radiation (Bhatti et al., 2016). Among these techniques, gamma rays treatment has emerged the most effective to be utilized for surface modification of fabrics (Ajmal et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2014). Researchers have used gamma ray treatment to improve cross linking and grafting of fabrics (Wojnarovits et al., 2010), degradation (Kozmér et al., 2016, Wojnarovits and Takacs, 2008), alkali treatment of cotton (Takacs et al., 2000) and radical scavenging as well as in extraction of colourant from plants (Ajmal et al., 2014). The frequent use of gamma rays treatment in modern textile dyeing is also due to its efficient results, easy to use and cost effectiveness (Ferrero and Periolatto, 2012). It has also been reported that gamma ray treatment also improves the resistance of fabrics to shrink, enhance water repellency and the tinctorial strength (Saxena and Raja, 2014, Gulzar et al., 2015, Bhatti et al., 2014a).
Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), a common ornamental plant in most part of the world has medicinal and commercial values. The extract of marigold flowers is very effective in healing scabies and warts. It has good anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-septic and anti-fungal properties and is one of the active gradients used in textiles, food and veterinary fields. Marigold flowers contain lutein as natural carotenoid dye along with flavonoids and vitamin C (Vankar and Shanker, 2009, Prabhu and Bhute, 2012).
The main focus of the present study is to improve the dyeing behavior of marigold flower by enhancing its dye uptake ability of cotton fabric and improving colour strength and fastness characteristics through gamma rays treatment.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers, collected locally from Faisalabad, Pakistan, were washed with distilled water and dried under shade. The dry powder of uniform particle size was obtained by grinding the dried petals finely and then passing through a sieve. Raw grey cotton fabric was procured and subjected to pretreatment prior to dyeing by the documented methods (Bhatti et al., 2012).
Pre-treated cotton and marigold flower dye powder were exposed to absorbed doses of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30
Results and discussion
The results indicated that dyeing of irradiated fabric (RC) with marigold flower lutein depended on media of dye bath, when Aqueous (heat) or alkali solubilized extracts were used for dyeing of irradiated or un-irradiated fabrics. The data displayed in Fig. 1 showed that gamma ray treatment of fabric promisingly changed its dyeing behavior. However, it did not show any significant effect on dyeing powder used for extraction of lutein. Extraction of dye using un-irradiated powder (NRP) in
Conclusions
Good colour strength of marigold flower dye was obtained by dyeing irradiated fabric at 70° C keeping material to liquor ratio of 1:50 using dyeing bath of pH 5. Lutein dye extracted from marigold flower had potential to produce yellow-orange shades onto surface modified fabric. Acceptable fastness properties of marigold flower based lutein were obtained by applying 7% tannic acid (TA) as pre-mordant and 5% Cu as post-mordant. Hence this tool can successfully be applied for exploration of new
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