Modal salient belief and social cognitive variables of anti-doping behaviors in sport: Examining an extended model of the theory of planned behavior
Section snippets
The present study
In the present study, we aim to test the four models proposed by French and Hankins (2003) to examine the effects of modal salient beliefs within the theory in the context of doping avoidance. In particular, the primary purpose of the present study was to identify the model that is most effective in interpreting the role of key modal salient beliefs.
Our research will extend previous applications of TPB in the explanation of doping intention (Goulet et al., 2010, Lucidi et al., 2008, Wiefferink
Participants
After the Research Ethics Committee of the first author's institution approved the study protocol, we recruited 410 young athletes (mean age = 17.70, SD = 3.92; male = 55.4%) to participate in the study. Participants comprised elite (35.7% of the sample were national level, 10.3% international level, 1.8% world-class) and sub-elite (22.9% regional level, 29.4% state level) and were involved in a number of different sports including six individual sports (i.e., athletics track, athletics field,
Measurement model
Results of the measurement level of VB-SEM fully supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the latent variables representing the indirect measures of the TPB social cognitive constructs, namely, the modal salient beliefs, and the direct measures across all four hypothesized models. The Cronbach's alpha (range = .70 to .96), composite score reliability (range = .73 to .97), AVE (range = .53 to .82), and factor loadings (range = .63 to .90) met the criteria put forth by the literature
Discussion
Based on the theory of planned behavior, the present study explored the relationships between the indirect belief-based measures derived from modal salient beliefs and the directly-measured of the social cognitive variables from the theory in the context of doping avoidance in sport. Based on data from the pilot belief-elicitation study and the input of experts, we developed a set of items that measure the belief-expectancies (behavioral, normative, and control belief-strength) and
Conclusions
The present study extended the application of the TPB to important aspect of anti-doping behaviors, namely, the avoidance of doping. Findings offered support for the effectiveness of subjective norm and PBC in predicting intentions toward doping avoidance. Moreover, this preliminary investigation of the expectancy-value model of the TPB revealed that the directly-measured social cognitive components are closely associated with the belief-expectancy, belief-values, and the expectancy-values
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