Research and EducationIn vitro comparison of instrumental and visual tooth shade determination under different illuminants
Section snippets
Material and Methods
Fifty examiners (37 women and 13 men, aged between 23 and 48 years) were recruited and their informed consent was obtained. They were divided in 2 groups with respect to experience. The first group (17) consisted of 5 dentists, 4 dental technicians, and 8 dental assistants with clinical shade matching experience. Twenty-nine dental students and 4 physicists were part of the second group (33) without experience. All participants were tested with the Ishihara color vision test to rule out
Results
The hit rates of the investigators were evaluated for the 4 illuminants. As seen in Figure 1, the halogen chair light had on average the lowest hit rate with 16.1%. The mean hit rate with daylight was 18.6%, with nonspecific fluorescent ceiling light, 18.8%, and with the fluorescent daylight lamp (5000 K), 18.1%.
Figure 2 shows that the median values of the hit rates differed more than the averages shown in Figure 1. The nonspecific fluorescent showed the widest spread with 45%. A Kruskal-Wallis
Discussion
In this study, 50 raters participated. The groups (inexperienced/experienced, men/women) were not of the same size. While the number of examiners corresponded to that in some other studies,10, 21 often there were only 2 or 3 examiners.6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 The large spreads of hit rates and of ΔE values in visual examination (Fig. 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6) indicate that judgments of color differences tend toward individual fluctuations. Thus, small numbers of examiners might be critical.
Conclusions
Color determination with the spectrophotometer investigated here generally led to better results compared with visual examination. One of the advantages of electro-optical examination is that it is not influenced by individual misjudgment. It provided a high reproducibility (92.2%) and can assist the visual examination, as well as replace it. While the comparatively low mean reproducibility of 43.7% and the low average hit rate of approximately 18% seem to indicate a significant disadvantage of
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