The scattering map in two coupled piecewise-smooth systems, with numerical application to rocking blocks☆
Introduction
This paper is concerned with the question of whether it is possible to observe Arnold diffusion [1] in systems governed by piecewise-smooth differential equations, to which known results in the field cannot be directly applied. Arnold diffusion occurs when there is a large change in the action variables in nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems. Systems governed by piecewise-smooth differential equations are widespread in engineering, economics, electronics, ecology and biology; see [2] for a recent comprehensive survey of the field.
Action variables are conserved for integrable systems. When such systems are perturbed, for example, by a periodic forcing, KAM theory tells us that the value of these variables stays close to their conserved values for most solutions. Subsequently Arnold [1] gave an example of a nearly integrable system for which there was large growth in the action variables.
There has been a lot of activity in the field of Arnold diffusion in recent years and a large variety of results that have been obtained or announced. We refer to [3], [4], [5], [6] for a detailed survey of recent results. Up to now, there are mainly two kind of methods used to prove the existence of instabilities in Hamiltonian systems close to integrable; variational methods [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] and the so-called geometric methods [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], both of which have been used to prove generic results or study concrete examples. Other approaches us both methods and functional analysis techniques, see for example [23].
The study of Arnold diffusion using geometric methods has been greatly facilitated by the introduction [16], [17], [18] of the scattering map of a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold with intersecting stable and unstable invariant manifolds along a homoclinic manifold. This map finds the asymptotic orbit in the future, given an asymptotic orbit in the past. Perturbation theory of the scattering map [18] generalizes and extends several results obtained using Melnikov’s method [24], [25].
For planar regular systems under non-autonomous periodic perturbations, Melnikov’s method is used to determine the persistence of periodic orbits and homoclinic/heteroclinic connections by guaranteeing the existence of simple zeros of the subharmonic Melnikov function and the Melnikov function, respectively. The main idea is to consider a section normal to the unperturbed vector field at some point on the unperturbed homoclinic/heteroclinic connection. Then it is possible to measure the distance between the perturbed manifolds, owing to the regularity properties of the stable and unstable manifolds of hyperbolic critical points in smooth systems.
In [26] these classical results were rigorously extended to a general class of piecewise-smooth differential equations, allowing for a general periodic Hamiltonian perturbation, with no symmetry assumptions. For such systems, the unperturbed system is defined in two domains, separated by a switching manifold , each possessing one hyperbolic critical point either side of . In this case, the vector normal to the unperturbed vector field is not defined everywhere. By looking for the intersection between the stable and unstable manifolds with the switching manifold, an asymptotic formula for the distance between the manifolds was obtained. This turned out to be a modified Melnikov function, whose zeros give rise to the existence of heteroclinic connections for the perturbed system. The general results in [26] were then applied to the case of the rocking block [27], [28] and excellent agreement was obtained with the results of [28].
Following these ideas, in this paper we study a system which consists of a non-autonomous periodic perturbation of a piecewise-smooth integrable Hamiltonian system in . The unperturbed system is given by the product of two piecewise-smooth systems. We assume that one of them has two hyperbolic critical points of saddle type with a pair of heteroclinic orbits between them. The other system behaves as a classical integrable system with a region foliated by periodic orbits. Therefore, the product system looks like a classical a priori unstable Hamiltonian system [29], possessing two normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds of dimension two with a couple of three dimensional heteroclinic manifolds.
The main difficulty in following the program of [17] is that we couple two piecewise-smooth systems, each of which possesses its own switching manifold. Therefore, when considering the product system, we need to deal with a piecewise-smooth system in with two 3-dimensional switching manifolds that cross in a 2-dimensional one. Therefore the classical impact map associated with one switching manifold will be piecewise-smooth in general. We overcome this difficulty by restricting the impact map to suitable domains so that we can apply classical results for normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and their persistence and obtain a scattering map between them with explicit asymptotic formulae.
Note that, in this paper, we restrict our attention to the study of the scattering map and we do not rigorously prove the existence of Arnold diffusion. Due to the continuous nature of the system considered in this paper, the method of correctly aligned windows [19] seems to be very suitable for application to our model for this purpose. In fact, recent results in [30], which do not rely on the use of KAM theory, appear to be capable of extension to piecewise-smooth systems in order to achieve this goal.
Piecewise-smooth systems are found in a host of applications [2]. A simple example is the rocking block model [27], which has wide application in earthquake engineering and robotics. This piecewise-smooth system has been shown to possess a vast array of solutions [28]. The model has been extended to include, for example, stacked rigid blocks [31] and multi-block structures [32]. Particular attention is paid to the case of block overturning in the presence of an earthquake, as this has consequences for safety in the nuclear industry [33] and for the preservation of ancient statues [34]. Within the context of the current paper, Arnold diffusion could be seen as one possible mechanism for block overturning, when the perturbation (earthquake) of an apparently stable system (two blocks coupled by a simple spring) leads to overturning. An early application of Melnikov theory to the rocking block problem [35] involved the calculation of the stochastic Melnikov criterion of instability for a multidimensional rocking structure subjected to random excitation.
Note that we are considering the class of piecewise-smooth differential equations that involve crossing [2], where the normal components of the vector field either side of the switching manifold are in the same sense. When these components are in the opposite sense, sliding can occur [2]. The extension of the Melnikov method to this case is still in its infancy [36].
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present the system we will consider and the main piecewise-smooth invariant geometrical objects that will play a role in the process. In Section 3 we present the impact map associated with one switching manifold in the extended phase space and its domains of regularity and provide an explicit expression for it in the unperturbed case. In Section 4 we study some regular normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds for the impact map which correspond to the piecewise-smooth ones for the flow in the extended phase space. We then apply classical perturbation theory to demonstrate the persistence of the normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds and their stable and unstable manifolds and deduce the persistence of the corresponding invariant manifolds for the perturbed flow. This allows us to give explicit conditions for the existence of transversal heteroclinic manifolds in the perturbed system in terms of a modified Melnikov function and to derive explicit formulae for the scattering map in Section 5. In particular, we obtain formulae for the change in the energy of the points related by the scattering map and in the average energy along their orbits. In Section 6 we illustrate the theoretical results of Section 5 with numerical computations for two coupled rocking blocks subjected to a small periodic forcing. We use the simple zeros of the Melnikov function to numerically compute heteroclinic connections linking, forwards and backwards in time, two trajectories at the invariant manifolds. These trajectories correspond to one block performing small rocking oscillations while the other block rocks about one of its heteroclinic orbits. During this large, fast, excursion, the amplitude of the rocking block oscillations may lead to an increase or decrease in its average energy. Using the first order analysis of the scattering map we are able to approximately predict the magnitude of this change, which is in excellent agreement with our numerical computations.
Section snippets
Two uncoupled systems
In this paper we consider a non-autonomous dynamical system formed by coupling two piecewise-smooth systems in through a non-autonomous periodic perturbation. We divide into two sets, separated by the switching manifold where We consider the piecewise-smooth systems defined in with
Impact map associated with
In let us define the sections and Note that is a switching manifold of system (2.14) in the extended phase space, and it will play an important role in what follows.
We wish to define the impact map associated with , that is, the Poincaré map from to itself (see Fig. 3). This map is as regular as the flows restricted to some open domains, and this will allow us to
Unperturbed case in the extended phase space
We consider invariant objects of system (2.14) when . The cross products of the hyperbolic critical points and the periodic orbits give rise to two families of invariant 2-dimensional tori of the form with . These tori are only continuous manifolds, because of the singularity of the Hamiltonian at (see Fig. 4). We parameterize by where is given in (3.12),
Scattering map
The scattering map [16], also called the outer map, is an essential tool in the study of Arnold diffusion. The diffusion mechanism in our system when consists of trajectories that follow heteroclinic connections between the manifolds such that energy may increase at each heteroclinic link. The main novelty in the mechanism we present here, is that we have a scattering map between two different normally hyperbolic manifolds. Therefore, the scattering map consists on identifying
Example: two linked rocking blocks
In this section we apply some of our results to a mechanical example consisting of two rocking blocks coupled by means of a spring (see Fig. 5). The single block model was first introduced in [27]; further details of its dynamics can be found in [47], [48], [28], [26].
Both blocks are rigid, of mass and with semi-diagonal of length . They are connected by a light spring, with spring constant . The base is assumed to be sufficiently flat so that block rotates only about points .
Conclusions
We have considered a non-autonomous dynamical system formed by coupling two piecewise-smooth systems in through a non-autonomous periodic perturbation, leading to a two and a half degrees of freedom piecewise-smooth Hamiltonian system with two switching manifolds.
We have studied the dynamics around one of the heteroclinic orbits of one of the piecewise-smooth systems, which is captured by 3-dimensional invariant manifolds with stable and unstable manifolds. In the unperturbed case, these
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Heteroclinic bifurcation in a quasi-periodically excited rigid rocking block with two frequencies
2023, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake EngineeringCitation Excerpt :In [15], Dimitrakopoulos and Fung studied the stability of the rocking blocks excited by a family of multi-lobe pulse motions. The Melnikov method for heteroclinic bifurcations of two coupled PWS systems with applications to a periodically excited system consisting of two slender rocking blocks coupled by a light spring was developed by Granados et al. in [16]. Smoljanovic et al. developed a numerical procedure to predict the minimum duration of a rectangular, half-cycle sine wave, linearly increasing and triangular single-pulse excitation required to overturn the rigid block resting on a moving base in [17].
The Melnikov criterion of instability for random rocking of a rigid block with a fractional derivative element
2022, Physica D: Nonlinear PhenomenaCitation Excerpt :Bruhn and Koch [12] provided the basic understanding of the well-developed Melnikov method [27–29] in the rocking response analysis for the block with harmonic perturbations. Applications of the Melnikov ideas to piecewise-smooth and rocking structures subject to periodic or multi-periodic excitations were discussed, e.g., in [30–33]. This method was further employed in the study of random stability of rocking blocks [34–36].
Higher order discontinuity mapping for double grazing bifurcations in a slender rigid block confined between side-walls
2022, International Journal of Non-Linear MechanicsCitation Excerpt :Heteroclinic bifurcations of a more general nonlinear model of the rigid block was studied by Lenci and Rega in [50,51]. Granados et al. [52] developed the Melnikov method and applied it to a periodically excited mechanical system consisting of two slender rocking blocks coupled by a light spring. In [53,54], Hogan studied subharmonic bifurcations of a slender rigid block lies on a horizontal surface between two symmetrically placed side-walls as depicted in Fig. 1.
Invariant manifolds and the parameterization method in coupled energy harvesting piezoelectric oscillators
2017, Physica D: Nonlinear PhenomenaCitation Excerpt :The most paradigmatic applications of Arnold diffusion are associated with classical problems in celestial mechanics such as instabilities in the restricted three-body problem or the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroids belt of the solar system [14], although it has also been proven in physical examples such as ABC magnetic fields [15]. Partial results have also been proven in mechanical systems with impacts [16]. The main mechanism for diffusion is based on the existence of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds (NHIMs) containing the mentioned KAM tori.
Melnikov analysis of subharmonic motions for a class of bistable vibro-impact oscillators
2023, Nonlinear Dynamics
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This work has been financially supported by the Spanish MINECO-FEDER grants MTM2009-06973, MTM2012-31714, the Catalan grant 2009SGR859 and EPSRC grant EP/E501214/1.