Fig. 1. A cluster-based MANET topology.

Fig. 2. DDCF parameters for contention and priority.

Fig. 3. Average number of CHs and Spine Members (NHs) using RW and fixing .

Fig. 4. Average number of CHs and Spine Members (NHs) using RW.

Fig. 5. Average aggregation time to a CH or to an NH using RW and fixing .

Fig. 6. Average aggregation time to a CH or to an NH using RW.

Fig. 7. Average aggregation time to an NH using RW.

Fig. 8. CH permanence time CDFs using RW and fixing .

Fig. 9. Average aggregation time to a CH or to an NH using NR.

Fig. 10. Average aggregation time to a CH or to an NH using RPGM.

Fig. 11. DDCF Dynamic throughput, 4 nodes, SCD, (CH is turned ON/OFF/ON).

Fig. 12. DDCF Dynamic throughput, 4 nodes, SCD, CH, SN1, SN2 sequentially switched OFF.

Fig. 13. MAC delay percentiles, 4 nodes, SCD, 802.11 DCF versus DDCF.

Fig. 14. 802.11 DCF MAC delay percentiles, SCD with 10 and 100 nodes’ scenarios.

Fig. 15. DDCF MAC delay percentiles, SCD, 1 CH, 2 SN1, 2 SN2, 5 LN (total 10 nodes).

Fig. 16. DDCF MAC delay percentiles, SCD, 1 CH, 20 SN1, 20 SN2, 59 LN (total 100 nodes).

Fig. 17. DCF, Steady-state per-node throughput with 1 CH, N nodes (20% SN1, 20% SN2, 60% LN).

Fig. 18. DDCF, Steady-state per-node throughput with 1 CH, N nodes (20% SN1, 20% SN2, 60% LN).

Fig. 19. DDCF MAC delay percentiles, MCD, 1 CH, 5 SN1,5 SN2, 39 LN (total 50 nodes).

Fig. 20. DDCF MAC delay percentiles, MCD, 1 CH, 10 SN1,10 SN2, 79 LN (total 100 nodes).

Fig. 21. DCF versus DDCF system throughput, MCD.

DDCF parameters

Simulation parameters

DDCF simulation parameters