Quality assurance in an implantation laboratory by high accuracy RBS
Introduction
It is a common misconception that because electrical currents down to pA can be measured very accurately with appropriate instrument calibration, and because implantation uses a charged particle beam, the implanted fluence is easy to determine from Faraday cup measurements. Unfortunately the electrical environment in an implantation chamber is complex. For a heavy ion such as As the number of secondary electrons generated can exceed the number of incident ions by orders of magnitude. Some of these electrons have high energy and are very hard to suppress. For these and other reasons quantitative implantation has remained elusive.
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is a standard method for absolute measurement of implanted fluence. Jeynes et al. have discussed accurate RBS in some detail [1]. Boudreault et al. have previously [2], [3] shown fluence measurements by RBS with an uncertainty of about 1.4%.1 We present here new results at unprecented precision, with a full uncertainty analysis [4].
Section snippets
Implantation
Implants were carried out on a 200 kV DF1090 [5] from Danfysik with electrostatic scanning (X: 1000 Hz, Y: 1004.5 Hz). For dosimetry we rely entirely on the performance of Faraday cups. This is a challenging application for them since the scanning beam strikes the Faraday cups only intermittently, and usually only partially. The Faraday cup assembly has four cups with reamed apertures each of diameter 0.282 ± 0.002 cm2. Each Faraday cup has two cylindrical electron suppressor electrodes to separately
Results
1.557 MeV 4He+ from the 2 MV Tandetron [6] was used to collect RBS spectra with two detectors A and B of scattering angles 172° (Cornell geometry) and 149° (IBM geometry) and solid angles 1.0 and 3.1 msr, respectively. The beam was channelled on (1 0 0), normal to the wafers, to reduce the count rate and guarantee the geometry. Typically 25 μC was collected on each of 24 spots distributed over the wafer with a beam current of 40 nA.
The scattering cross-section has a screening correction due to
Discussion and conclusions
The measurements are demonstrably self-consistent at the 0.5% level. The four point probe results demonstrate a combined standard uncertainty (including the annealing process) of about 0.6%, and indicate that the uniformity of the implantation is 0.7%.
The implanted fluence is measured by RBS with a combined standard uncertainty of just over 0.5% at best: this is dominated by the uncertainty in the electronic gain. There is a further uncertainty of about 2% in the value of the stopping force of
Acknowledgement
We greatly appreciate the help of the Ion Beam Centre staff: Mark Browton, Adrian Cansell and Alex Royle; and the support of the IBC by EPSRC under contract number GR/R50097/01.
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