Computation of EABF and EBF for basalt rock samples
Introduction
Basalt is a very common volcanic rock, dark colored and comparatively rich in iron and magnesium, which is located at almost every country in the world. Basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes. It has been used in the rock industry to create industrial construction, highway engineering and building tiles for other purposes. Powders and fibers of basalt rocks are widely used of thermal stability, heat and sound insulation [1], [2], [3]. Basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars were reported to be an excellent alternative for the reinforcement of bridge girders due to minimizing the weight of the structure and preventing corrosion related damages [4]. The basalt materials researched within this study are now being considered utilized or considered to be used in the construction industry for concrete and thermal and sound insulation material production [5].
To ensure the future competitiveness of concrete as a construction product, it is essential to improve the durability of concrete structures. The uses of basalt aggregates within the manufacturing of concrete for the prefabrication industry have been worked by Ingrao et al. [6]. The results have shown that basalt may be used successfully for preparing radiation shielding concrete, but some parameters such as effective atomic numbers and buildup factors should be noted on the choice of the suitable types of basalt [7].
The basalts are categorized into two main groups such as alkaline and sub alkaline [8]. Three different basalt samples used in this study were taken from different parts of Van city, Turkey. The basalts were taken from volcanic fields that were erupted from extensional fractures in different periods of time in the Pliocene to Quaternary. Volcanology and petrology of these volcanic areas are studied in detail by [9], [10].
Since chemical structure, texture and mineralogical assembles of the rocks in the researched area are different, three various samples representing different volcanic areas were obtained and also categorized according to their chemical compositions [5]. The samples were named as CM-1, KYZ-13 and KYZ-24 were used for identifying the impact indicators of basalt aggregates used for concrete production. This is believed to be extremely important, because such indicators must be taken into account for environmental sustainability.
The application of gamma radiation has a vital role in industries, medical, agriculture, and energy sectors etc. The radiation shielding is an essential part of a reactor, accelerator or any radiation facility to minimize the radiation exposure. Therefore shielding materials are composed of several compounds of high-Z elements for attenuation of photon and neutron radiation.
The radiation shielding of a material can be expressed with the effective atomic number, the energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) and exposure buildup factor (EBF). Exposure buildup factor is a photon buildup factor in which the quantity of interest is exposure. The energy response function is that of absorption in air. Also an energy absorption buildup factor is a photon buildup factor in which the quantity of interest is the absorbed or deposited energy in the shield medium. The energy response function is that of absorption in the material [11]. The basalt has been used as a material for radiation shielding by [12]. Singh has studied Monte Carlo simulation of gamma-ray shielding parameters of concretes having basalt–magnetite (BM) [13].
This study is the first attempt to determine EABF and EBF of different basalt samples and investigate the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of basalt samples and EABF and EBF. With this study, the potential of basalt samples in radiation shielding as well as the relationship between physical, chemical and absorption parameters of basalt samples were identified. EABF and EBF of three different basalt samples at photon energies 0.015–15 MeV were evaluated using the methodology presented in this article.
Section snippets
Experimental tests
In the present study, three different basalt samples (CM-1, KYZ-13, KYZ-24), were obtained from volcano-clastic formations located in Van (Erciş, Kocapınar), Ağrı (Patnos, Diyadin) and Bitlis (Adilcevaz) province in the Eastern Turkey. These basalt rocks were first ground to fine aggregate size about 200 mesh and then 15–20 g of these basalt samples were ground in an agate ball mill in order to obtain very fine powder samples to ensure good replication of XRF and ICP-MS data. Chemical analyses
Determination of the effective atomic number (direct method)
In this study, first computational values were obtained by using the state of art program XCOM and database [14] later formed as WinXCOM software [15]. This program calculates the total effective cross-sections as well as the partial effective cross-sections for the incoherent scattering, coherent scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production. It can also generate the mass attenuation coefficient of the elements, mixtures, and chemical compounds for both standard and selected
Results and discussions
Some researchers have argued that the actually creates the changes for photon energies lower than 100 keV [30], [31], [32], [33], [34] discussing that the total does not change with energy in the range of 100–105 MeV. As seen in Table 1, this may be attributed to the content of CM-1 basalt as determined in the quantitative and qualitative analysis at X-ray Diffractometry system. As examined in Table 1, the contents of SiO2 and Al2O3 of CM-1 basalt are less than others. According to
Conclusions
The potential use of basalt samples in concrete for radiation shielding is investigated with this study. The relationship between physical, chemical and absorption parameters of basalt samples were also identified. This study suggests that, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content in any materials may not be a sufficient parameter alone for determining radiation shielding properties. Concentration values from quantitative and qualitative analysis of other compounds such as CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Yıldız Technical University under Award numbers 2013-01-01-KAP01 and 113F391-TÜBİTAK.
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