Synaptic TransmissionFunctional roles of neuropeptides in cerebellar circuits
Section snippets
CRF (CRH)
CRF containing 41 amino acids is distributed mainly in the hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebellum, and brainstem. Two types of CRF receptor, CRFR1 and CRFR2, have been identified; CRFR2 has three splice variants α, β, and γ, but in the rodent brain, only CRFR2α is present. CRFR2α has two different isoforms, a full-length form and a truncated form, as seen in the cerebellum associated at varied ratios with the Golgi apparatus of Purkinje cells, climbing fiber terminals on somata, and mossy fiber
Orexin (hypocretin)
Orexin consists of A and B components (33 and 28 amino acids, respectively) derived from the common precursor prepro-orexin (de Lecea et al 1998, Sakurai et al 1998). Uniquely, orexin is produced only by one group of neurons located in the hypothalamus. Two types of orexin receptor, OX-R1 and OX-R2, have been identified. OX-R1 is 10-fold sensitive to orexin-A. Orexin-immunopositive axons innervate various brainstem neurons including the locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II is the effector of the renin–angiotensin system involved in blood pressure regulation and maintenance of body fluid homeostasis. In brief, the aspartyl protease renin, synthesized and released from the kidney to the blood, cleaves the precursor molecule angiotensinogen originating from the liver to the decapeptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to the octapeptide angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produced in high amounts by endothelial
Galanin
Galanin contains 29 amino acids (30 amino acids in human). It is produced from a 123-amino-acid precursor, preprogalanin. The human preprogalanin gene is located in a 35-kb region on chromosome 11 (Crawley, 1995). Galanin is distributed broadly in the brain, spinal cord and gut, and is implicated in various biological functions such as feeding, blood pressure regulation and nociception (Vrontakis, 2002), and also as a developmental and trophic factor (Wynick and Bacon, 2002). Galanin reacts
Cerebellin
Cerebellin is a hexadecapeptide considered to arise from precerebellin, a protein having 193 amino acids. Cerebellin is a marker of Purkinje cells and is expressed only in one substantial extracerebellar structure, the dorsal cochlear nucleus (Mugnaini and Morgan, 1987). In a strain of mouse, cerebellin appears during early postnatal development and its subsequent levels parallel the cerebellar development observed in granule cell migration and parallel fiber formation, synaptogenesis, Purkinje
Functional roles of neuropeptides
Many of the neuropeptides listed in Table 1 would play the role of neuronal transmitters or modulators. Their actions are mediated by G protein–coupled metabotropic receptors, which operate relatively slowly complimentarily to amino acid transmitters that act fast via ionotropic receptors. Furthermore, peptidergic fibers are characterized by the diffuse and dispersed manner in innervating heterogenous groups of target neurons. This is often considered as a drawback for performing a specific
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Cerebellar degeneration averts blindness-induced despaired behavior during spatial task in mice
2020, Neuroscience LettersCitation Excerpt :Nevertheless, the elevation of corticosterone following water-environment exposure was significantly higher in the Lurchers [12]. Although stress may promote certain compensations such as synaptic plasticity [29], the increased stress reaction to the water environment may induce behavioral disinhibition in Lurcher mice, thus reducing the chance to inhibit exploratory or escape behavior and, thereby, blocking the development of immobility responses and potentially interfering with an adequate platform searching strategy. Immobility might be considered an efficient strategy for avoiding exhaustion when escape is difficult.
Motor Control: CRF Regulates Coordination and Gait
2017, Current BiologyCitation Excerpt :In addition, a plexus of CRF-positive varicosities localized around the soma of neurons is also found at the cortical and nuclear level. The site of origin of these neurons might be located in the hypothalamus [1] but this is still a matter of debate. Two CRF receptors have been identified: CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 [6].
Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Cerebellar Motor Control and Ataxia
2017, Current BiologyRoles of the orexin system in central motor control
2015, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsFunctional inactivation of orexin 1 receptors in the cerebellum disrupts trace eyeblink conditioning and local theta oscillations in guinea pigs
2013, Behavioural Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :It has been demonstrated that the primary memory trace of CR is stored in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and/or the cerebellar cortex [3–8], although the forebrain regions are critically involved in the learning process when the cognitive demands are increased [9–13]. A growing body of evidence has led to the proposal that function of the cerebellum is under the influence of numerous neuropeptides [14,15]. Uniquely, orexins (orexin-A and orexin-B), the new reported neuropeptides with multiple physiological functions, are exclusively produced by one group of cells located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) that diffusely project to various brain regions [16–20].