Clinical neuroscienceWorking memory load–related electroencephalographic parameters can differentiate progressive from stable mild cognitive impairment
Section snippets
Inclusion procedure and follow-up
The sample included 16 EC, 29 MCI subjects and 10 AD patients. ECs were recruited through the University of Geneva. All individuals were screened with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD, Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) and Lawton’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL, Barberger-Gateau et al., 1992). Depressive co-morbidity was excluded on the basis of a HAD score consistently less than 8. Subjects with MMSE scores of
Clinical data
One year after baseline assessment (range 12.0±0.4 months), 16 (55%) of the original MCI cases demonstrated significant cognitive decline and constituted the PMCI group. Among these cases only three converted into AD. The remaining 13 cases (45%) showed no change in cognitive function, except an executive motor slowing indicated by the Trail Making test A (78.60±31.95 s vs 96.08±33.37 s; P<0.01). This difference was not clinically significant with respect to normative thresholds and is
Discussion
Strengths of the present study include its longitudinal design, confirmation of the MCI diagnosis by two independent clinicians blind to the study purposes, control for medications which influence EEG dynamics and use of three event-related EEG measurements known to be associated with working memory activation. Our data reveal that PMCI and clinically overt AD share the same pattern of working memory–related EEG activation characterized by increased P200–N200 latencies and decreased beta ERS
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research, grant 3100A0/103770/1; the Research and Development Hospital, grant 02-1-122; as well as by unrestricted grants from the Novartis Foundation, Ernst and Lucie Schmidheiny Foundation, and Stiftung für Klinische Neuropsychiatrische Forschung.
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