NeuroanatomyDevelopmental changes in the expression of growth-associated protein-43 mRNA in the monkey thalamus: Northern blot and in situ hybridization studies
Section snippets
Northern blot analysis
For Northern blot analysis, brain tissue was obtained from 21 macaque monkeys between E125 and the adult stage (see Fig. 1B for the number of monkeys at each age). Even though we used two species of macaque monkeys for postnatal analysis, i.e. Macaca fuscata and Macaca mulatta, the results of the Northern blot analysis were similar among the species (Figs. 1). We also used the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) for prenatal analysis. The monkeys were purchased from a local provider, or
Northern blot analysis
Using Northern blot analysis, we measured the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the thalamus of developing and mature macaque monkeys (Fig. 1). The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at E125, and decreased at P1 (Fig. 1B). The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test revealed that the value at E125 was significantly higher than that at P1. The amount of GAP-43 mRNA increased again at P8, and reached the peak value at P50–70. After P70, the amount of GAP-43 mRNA decreased gradually until postnatal year 1. The
Comparison with the development of the cerebral cortex
We previously investigated the developmental changes in the expression of GAP-43 mRNA in the monkey cerebral cortex (Oishi et al 1998, Higo et al 1999). A previous Northern blot analysis showed that the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at the embryonic period (E120–142), decreased roughly exponentially thereafter, and approached the asymptote by P70 (Fig. 8) (Oishi et al., 1998). The present Northern blot analysis in the thalamus also showed the highest value at the embryonic period (E125).
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. S. Yamane for valuable discussion and continuous encouragement during this study, and to Mr. T. Takasu and Ms. A. Muramatsu for their excellent technical assistance. We thank Dr. R. L. Neve for the generous gift of the GAP-43 cDNA clone. This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas-Integrative Brain Research from the MEXT (Grant number: 17021055), the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology of METI, the
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2018, Neurochemistry InternationalCitation Excerpt :Both SNAP-25 and SYT-1 interactions are involved in vesicle priming and in neurotransmission (Schupp et al., 2016). Previously, NRGN, SNAP-25, SYT-1 and GAP-43 expression has been studied in monkeys and rodents during development (Alvarez-Bolado et al., 1996; Capone et al., 1991; Cooper and Gillespie, 2011; Frassoni et al., 2005; Fukuda, 2006; Higo et al., 2006; Mahalik et al., 1992; Murata et al., 2005; Sidor-Kaczmarek et al., 2004) and in human post-mortem brains (Bogdanovic et al., 2000; Furuya et al., 2012). The proteins are also secreted from neurons into the brain interstitial fluid that communicates with the CSF (Blennow et al., 2010).
Fetal Development of the Central Nervous System
2012, The Human Nervous System, Third EditionExpression of protein kinase-C substrate mRNA in the motor cortex of adult and infant macaque monkeys
2007, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :The region-specific expression of these PKC substrates in the mature central nervous system has been thought to reflect functional specialization, with regard to plasticity, in each region. Previous studies in both rodents and primates have focused primarily on the expression of these PKC substrates in the hippocampus and sensory pathways because the role of the substrates in the long-term plasticity of hippocampal synapses and thalamocortical connections has been of primary interest (Chen et al., 1997; Fedorov et al., 1995; Gianotti et al., 1992; Higo et al., 2000, 2002a; Krucker et al., 2002; Linden et al., 1988; Linden and Routtenberg, 1989; Lovinger et al., 1985; Murata et al., 2005; Ramakers et al., 2000a; Routtenberg et al., 1985). However, to date, there has been little report on the expression of these PKC substrates in the motor cortex.
Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses for the neurogranin mRNA in the developing monkey cerebral cortex
2006, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Thus, our previous and present results suggest that the presynaptic changes in the neocortical neurons are not extensive and that the changes in the postsynaptic dendrites are still extensive after P70. Our recent study reported that the expression of GAP-43 mRNA is transiently increased during the postnatal period and that the high levels of expression continue after P70 in the monkey thalamus (Murata et al., 2005). Several previous studies in the primate brain have shown that the expression of GAP-43 mRNA is highly correlated with the expression of GAP-43 protein in the axon terminals and that the expression of neurogranin mRNA is highly correlated with the expression of neurogranin protein in the dendrites (Benowitz et al., 1989; Chang et al., 1997; Guadano-Ferraz et al., 2005; Neve et al., 1988; Oishi et al., 1996, 2000).