Striatal dopamine release in sequential learning
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The experiments were conducted on right-handed young healthy volunteers who had no history of a psychiatric or neurological disorder.
SRT experiment
In this experiment response accuracy during the control (98.6%) and test (99.2%) conditions was high and statistically similar. The response time however, was significantly quicker (p < 0.01) in the test (310 ± 26 ms) condition, in comparison with the control (405 ± 94 ms). Quicker response in the test suggested that the volunteers had learned the motor sequence (Fig. 1). Further, implicit nature of the task was confirmed by debriefing questionnaires. Six of the eight volunteers were not aware that
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study that has demonstrated endogenous release of striatal dopamine during processing of a learning task. Further, by localizing areas of dopaminergic activity, the experiment provides a novel insight into the striatal and dopaminergic processing of human sequential learning. The finding that dopamine was released in the caudate and left putamen is consistent with the observation of neuroimaging experiments that have reported increased striatal activity
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (1R21MH073624), Dana Foundation, and Shriners Hospital for Children (Grant 8580).
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2018, International Review of NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :While these types of studies are still in their infancy, they are indicative of an increasing trend aimed at extracting more detailed information from the PET data and improving PET time resolution. Efforts are not limited to metabolic imaging but are also applied to studies investigating stimulus induced neurotransmitter release and even attempt to determine the temporal characteristic of the dopamine release signal (Alpert, Badgaiyan, Livni, & Fischman, 2003; Badgaiyan, Fischman, & Alpert, 2007; Kim, Sullivan, Wang, Cosgrove, & Morris, 2014; Normandin, Schiffer, & Morris, 2012; Wang et al., 2017). While these approaches are currently used predominantly in non-movement disorders related studies and are limited to tracers/targets with favorable binding properties compared to those of the endogenous neurotransmitters (currently predominantly to the D2 receptor antagonist 11C-raclopride), several applications in the context of movement disorders can be envisioned as alterations in neurotransmitter activity are one of the key characteristics of this family of brain disorders.