Clinical ScienceEnergy replacement diminishes the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia in boys
Introduction
Elevated postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) are predisposed to the development and progression of atherosclerosis [1], and independently predict future cardiovascular disease risk in adults [2]. Although the clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease emerge in adulthood typically, the paediatric origins of atherosclerosis are well established [3]. Furthermore, childhood fasting [TAG] predicts young adult cardiovascular disease risk [4]. Most people spend the majority of waking hours in a postprandial state, resulting in extended periods of elevated postprandial [TAG]. Considering cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in the United Kingdom [5], prevention by targeting modifiable risk factors is a high priority on the public health agenda. Therefore, lifestyle modifications that reduce postprandial [TAG] from a young age may delay precursors of atherosclerotic disease leading to important long-term metabolic health benefits [3].
Previous research highlights the potency of acute moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise interventions completed up to 18 h before a standardised meal to reduce postprandial [TAG] in adults [6] and young people [7]. Furthermore, acute exercise has been shown to increase resting fat oxidation in the postprandial period in adults [8], [9]. Considering energy status can have profound effects on metabolism [10], the acute exercise-evoked changes in postprandial TAG metabolism may be mediated by the associated energy deficit. In this regard, an exercise-induced energy deficit appears more potent than an isoenergetic diet-induced deficit in reducing postprandial [TAG] in girls [11] and women [12], [13]. Moreover, replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit in adults diminishes or even eliminates the reduction in postprandial [TAG] [8], [14], [15], [16], and concomitant increase in resting whole-body fat oxidation [8], [16]. However, the effect of replacing the exercise-induced energy deficit on postprandial [TAG] and resting whole-body fat oxidation has not been investigated in young people. Metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise differ considerably between men and boys [17], [18], and hormonal changes occurring during pubertal development may influence [TAG] [19]. Consequently, it is important to address whether the acute exercise-induced reduction in postprandial [TAG] and increase in resting whole-body fat oxidation persist after replacing the exercise energy expenditure (EE) in boys.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acute moderate-intensity exercise, with and without immediate dietary replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit, on postprandial [TAG] and resting whole-body fat oxidation in healthy, recreationally active boys.
Section snippets
Participants
Eighteen boys aged 11.4 to 13.2 years volunteered to participate in this study. The study was approved by the University Ethical Advisory Committee. Written assent was obtained from each participant and written informed consent by a parent or guardian. Participants completed a health screen questionnaire which confirmed they were all in good general health, had no history of medical conditions that may compromise participation in the study and were not taking any medications or dietary
Dietary Intake
Energy and macronutrient intakes were not different between the conditions on the pre-intervention day (P ≥ 0.25). Average daily energy intake was 7.9 (1.8) MJ, and dietary intake of protein, carbohydrate and fat was 69.2 (21.7) g, 254 (62) g and 66.6 (24.5) g respectively. Energy and absolute protein, carbohydrate and fat intake on the intervention day were higher in EX-REP compared with CON and EX-DEF (effect size (ES) = 0.60 to 1.22, P < 0.001); CON and EX-DEF were similar (P ≥ 0.35) (Table 2). However,
Discussion
The primary finding from the present study was that immediate replacement of the acute exercise-induced energy deficit negates the reduction in fasting and postprandial [TAG] in boys. Furthermore, an exercise-induced energy deficit was required to promote an increase in postprandial whole-body fat oxidation. Therefore, judicious use of energy replacement practises immediately post-exercise may be required in boys to maximise the metabolic health benefits of exercise. To our knowledge, this is
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrate that immediate replacement of the acute exercise-induced energy deficit eliminates the reduction in fasting and postprandial [TAG] the following day in healthy boys. In addition, meaningful increases in postprandial whole-body fat oxidation appear dependent on the presence of an energy deficit. Consequently, maintaining a negative energy balance immediately after exercise may be required to maximise the beneficial effect of exercise
Author Contributions
AET, LAB, and KT designed the study; AET conducted the research; AET and KT analysed and interpreted the data; AET wrote the manuscript; LAB and KT provided critical revisions to the manuscript; AET, LAB and KT read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
The research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Diet, Lifestyle & Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit based at University Hospitals of Leicester and Loughborough University. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Disclosure Statement
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We thank Woodbrook Vale School in Loughborough for their support throughout this research. We also thank the participants and their parents for their commitment throughout the study.
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