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Medical Image Analysis
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2005, Pages 255-266
 
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doi:10.1016/j.media.2004.11.008    How to Cite or Link Using DOI (Opens New Window)
Copyright © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Real-time synthesis of bleeding for virtual hysteroscopy

János Zátonyia, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Rupert Pageta, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Gábor Székelya, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Markus Grassia, E-mail The Corresponding Author and Michael Bajkab

aComputer Vision Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland bDepartment of OB/GYN, Clinic of Gynecology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland

Received 2 February 2004; 
revised 20 September 2004; 
accepted 9 November 2004. 
Available online 14 January 2005.

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Abstract

In this paper we present a method for simulating bleeding in a virtual reality hysteroscopic simulator for surgical training. The simulated bleeding is required to be visually appealing while at the same time instantaneously responsive to any feedback that the surgeon may be conducing to the virtual environment. In order to meet these real-time requirements, we have based the simulation on graphical fluid solvers. These solvers primarily work best over a 2D domain. For correct visualization in the hysteroscopic simulator, it is, however, necessary to perform the simulation fully in 3D. Therefore in this paper we also present the design modifications for 3D graphical fluid solving and show how to use parallelization to maintain real-time behavior. We also discuss how the incorporation of massless particles into the simulation can improve the visual quality of the results by limiting numerical dissipation effects.

Keywords: Surgical simulation; Virtual reality; Flow simulation; Hysteroscopy; Bleeding

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Simulation of bleeding
2.2. Basic flow model
3. Numerical implementation
3.1. 2D implementation of the model
3.2. 3D extension of the model
3.3. Marker particles
3.4. Parallelization
4. Results
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Appendix A. Supplementary data
References










Medical Image Analysis
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2005, Pages 255-266
 
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