Symposium on regenerative medicineRegenerative Nanomedicine for Vision Restoration
Section snippets
Nanoparticles for Drug, Gene, and Trophic Factor Delivery
Loss of oxygen or its electrons alters the oxidation state of cerium oxide nanoparticles (“nanoceria”) and creates defects in their lattice structure. As their size decreases, nanoceria (3-5 nm in diameter) exhibit more oxygen vacancies in their crystal structure, which can allow them to function as antioxidants. Chen et al9 found that intravitreal injection of nanoceria prevents light-induced photoreceptor damage in rodents, even if injected after the initiation of light damage.
Regenerative Medicine: Optogenetics and Optic Nerve Regeneration
Optogenetics involves the use of light-sensitive ion channels (vs electrodes) to make neurons light sensitive. This approach to visual rehabilitation has been reviewed extensively.6, 7, 8, 40 Stimulation of RGCs or bipolar cells provides an alternative approach to retinal cell stimulation in lieu of that provided by the retinal prosthesis.41 In contrast to the currently available retinal prosthesis, optogenetics has the potential for minimally invasive neuronal stimulation with high spatial
Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine
Retinal progenitor cells can be delivered to the eye, migrate to correct regions in the retina, and differentiate into photoreceptors with appropriate markers and morphologic features. It is essential, however, that these photoreceptors can transmit a signal centrally for vision perception. Pearson et al53 used Gnat1–/– mice, which lack rod function, to address this issue. They found that transplanted rod precursors could form classic triad synaptic connections with second-order bipolar and
Diagnostics
Some ways in which nanotechnology has improved diagnostic imaging have been reviewed previously.4 Progress in this area continues. For example, monitoring active angiogenesis in neovascular eye diseases is essential for gauging a patient's disease progression and response to treatment.69 Thus far, no in vivo imaging methods are available to label active angiogenesis specifically. Hua et al70 demonstrated that cationic (but not neutral) liposomes labeled with indocyanine green could, with high
Barriers to Clinical Application
Several obstacles to the incorporation of nanotechnology into medicine are recognized.4 The biodistribution of nanoparticles and their persistence in tissues despite immune surveillance is a concern.76 Safe bionanomanufacturing techniques also must be identified. This issue is particularly relevant when scaling up production for commercial distribution of products. Clean room processes similar to those used for semiconductor device manufacture may be needed in some cases. Although
Conclusion
Nanomedicine has already had an impact in the areas of biopharmaceuticals (eg, glaucoma drugs and neurotrophic factors), implantable materials (eg, tissue regeneration scaffolds), and diagnostic tools (eg, IOP monitors) in ophthalmology. The examples provided herein demonstrate that nanotechnology will play an important role in early- and late-stage interventions in the management of blinding diseases. Nanotechnology already has been applied to the measurement and treatment of different disease
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Cited by (21)
An overview of nanocarriers used in corneal disease
2023, Nanotechnology in OphthalmologyChallenges in nonparenteral nanomedicine therapy
2020, Theory and Applications of Nonparenteral NanomedicinesNanotechnology in regenerative ophthalmology
2019, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Afterwards, the nanomaterials-containing stem cells are implanted at the target site and their migration and differentiation are monitored using the corresponding scanning device. However, the studies of nanomaterials as tagging agents for tracking cells in the eye are scarce and limited to the toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxides and gold nanoparticles (SPIONs) to rabbit corneal endothelial cells [215] and MSCs [216–219], respectively, and tracking MSCs in the subretinal layer of the rat's eye [217]. More development of nanotechnology for live cell imaging and tracking for disease diagnosis and tissue regeneration in the eye is expected in the future.
Phenotypic characterization of P23H and S334ter rhodopsin transgenic rat models of inherited retinal degeneration
2018, Experimental Eye ResearchSpecial Commentary: Early Clinical Development of Cell Replacement Therapy: Considerations for the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative
2017, OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :Third, synapses have to form with the appropriate postsynaptic cells. Encouragingly, some of the building blocks for this long march are beginning to fall into place.19–24 A number of groups have reported the generation of RGC-like cells, which have many of the characteristics of “real RGCs,” from ES, iPS, and other types of human stem cells.1,25–30
Optical stimulation for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury
2015, Mayo Clinic ProceedingsCitation Excerpt :The use of optogenetics has previously focused on characterization of neuronal mechanisms of excitation and inhibition within the brain.5,8,10,12-14,52 However, increased interest in translational applications of optogenetics technology has resulted in the pursuit of novel clinical avenues for restoration of vision, seizure control, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.19,53,54 Light offers clear advantages for modulating neuronal behavior.
Grant Support: This study was supported, in part, by Research to Prevent Blindness Inc (M.A.Z., R.R.), the Joseph DiSepio AMD Research Fund (M.A.Z.), and the HRH Prince Khalid bin Abdulla al Saud Research Fund of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary (R.R.).
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