Technical ReportThe effect of production parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of powder metallurgy Al–Al2O3 composite
Introduction
There is an increasing trend towards using composite materials in order to achieve better performance in engineering materials. Thus, production and application of metal matrix composites (MMC) have increased in recent years [1]. Al–Al2O3 MMC, has been of greater importance due to superior mechanical properties and excellent wear resistance, under various applications [2]. Aluminum matrix composites have made numerous applications in aerospace, automotive, military and electronic industry due to low density, high toughness and high corrosion resistance [3], [4].
Low wear resistance of pure aluminum is a serious drawback in using it in many applications. Addition of ceramic particles to aluminum matrix would improve the strength, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the matrix [5], [6]. Particle reinforcements are more favorable than fiber type, due to better control of microstructure and mechanical properties, by varying the size and the volume fraction of the reinforcement [3]. Al2O3 is the most popular among ceramic particle reinforcement after SiC particles. Al2O3 has higher thermal stability compared to SiC, since it does not react with the metal matrix at high temperatures and does not produce brittle phases [1].
Powder metallurgy is considered as a good technique in producing metal–matrix composites. An important advantage of this method is its low processing temperature compared to melting techniques. Therefore, interaction between the matrix and the reinforcement phases is prevented. On the other hand, good distribution of the reinforcing particles can be achieved [4]. Another advantage of powder metallurgy technique is in its ability to manufacture near net shape product at low cost [7].
In this research, uniaxial pressing was used to produce composite sample. The effects of sintering time and temperature, weight percent and size of reinforcement particles on wear properties, microstructure, relative density and hardness of samples were studied. The optimum condition of processing parameters and the key strengthening mechanisms can be extracted from this study.
Section snippets
Materials and experimental procedures
In this investigation, aluminum powder with purity of 99.97% and the average particle size of 30 μm and three types of alumina powder with average particle size in the range of 3–48 μm were used in the range of 0–20 wt.%. The densities of aluminum and alumina powders were 2.7 and 3.97 g/cm3, respectively. Chemical composition of alumina powder is given in Table 1.
Electron micrographs of the powders are presented in Fig. 1. Powders were weighted and then mixed in a planetary ball mill for 1 h under a
Relative density
The effect of sintering temperature and duration upon relative density of the specimens is illustrated in Fig. 2. Since the sintering temperature has a profound effect on diffusivity of the atoms and neck growth, the relative density is raised [10].
The diffusion coefficient and sintering temperature are related according to equation [11].
D is the diffusion coefficient at temperature T, D0 is the self diffusion, Q is the activation energy, R is Boltzmann’s constant. Sintering time
Conclusions
- 1.
Proper sintering temperature and time results in improved wear properties, however, excess sintering conditions deteriorates the wear properties due to grain growth and reduced hardness. For instance, increasing the sintering temperature from 550 to 600 °C lowered the weight loss by 7% after sintering for 45 min, as compared to 22% for that of 90 min.
- 2.
Addition of alumina, considerably improves the wear properties of pure aluminum in all wear test distances. For instance, addition of 5 wt.% alumina
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