An active lifestyle induces positive antioxidant enzyme modulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of overweight/obese postmenopausal women
Introduction
Ovarian function decline is associated with spontaneous increases in inflammation conditions, risk of atherosclerosis development, weight gain and bone loss in postmenopausal women [38]. On the same line, the combination of menopause and physical inactivity also increases cardiovascular risks factors, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and persistent inflammation [29], [30]. Regarding these, recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) demonstrated that at least 2.8 million people die yearly throughout the world as a result of being overweight or obese [3]. Similarly, a meta-analysis demonstrated that each 5 kg/m² increase in body mass index (BMI) is associated with 12% increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [40], representing a major challenge to health care systems. As such, obesity in menopause has become a public health concern in America considering its increased prevalence after 40 years of age, reaching a 65% prevalence between 40–59 years of age, and outstanding 73.8% in over 60 years old women [22].
The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which include lymphocytes and monocytes, are responsible for energy-related homeostatic and specialized activities, such as cell growth and cytokinesis, dependent on energy supply [32]. In this line, disorders in energy homeostasis maintenance and altered redox state in PBMC have been connected to different metabolic- and cardiovascular-related conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and stroke [6], [14], [36]. With regard to obesity, it is suggested that the mitochondria plays a central role in individual susceptibility to obesity via the mitochondrial–nuclear interaction process [18]. Moreover, it is known that oxidative stress is induced by estrogen depletion in the postmenopausal process, since this hormone presents antioxidant properties [17]. Fortunately, the PBMC redox state has been shown to be modulated by environmental factors, such as exercise [9], [23], although the effects of regular exercise on redox status-related markers in PBMC of postmenopausal women have not been reported yet. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of an active lifestyle on bioenergetics, redox status and antioxidant enzyme activities in PBMC of overweight/obese postmenopausal women.
Section snippets
Study population and design
Volunteers were recruited through advertisements on the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria main campus, in the institutional website and in local newspapers. Thirty-five postmenopausal women aged 45–64 years and with body mass index (BMI) of > 25 kg/m2 were classified as sedentary (n = 12) or active (n = 23). Physical activity status was determined by self-reported ≥ 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (e.g., swimming, brisk walking, jogging, cycling, hiking, dancing) resulting in mild
Results
As demonstrated in Table 1, no differences were found for medicine intake among the groups.
Anthropometric, cardiorespiratory, and biochemical profiles of sedentary and active postmenopausal women are demonstrated in Table 2. Physically active women show typical exercise-related benefits such as lower waist circumference (P = 0.037), increased VO2max (P = 0.016), and decreased glucose and triglyceride levels (P = 0.041 and P = 0.049, respectively).
Fig. 1, Fig. 2 demonstrate that enzyme activity of
Discussion
The present study provides insights into possible mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of regular exercise on redox status-related parameters in PBMC of overweight/obese postmenopausal women across enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in these cells. Moreover, active postmenopausal women presented positive biochemical adaptations, such as decreased glucose and triglycerides levels, together with functional adaptations, such as increased VO2max and total time elapsed in the
Conclusions
This study reveals that an active lifestyle may induce positive antioxidant adaptations in PBMC of overweight/obese postmenopausal women and therefore, reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Apparently, an active lifestyle rated by the physical activity self-report used is not able to induce relevant mitochondrial adaptations. Moreover, this study may serve as a base-leveled trial to further randomized researches to evaluate the effects of different exercise training protocols on PBMC redox status
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
J.B.F., N.R.S., G.B.B. and S.T.S. received fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). A.A.C. received fellowship from Fundo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) and F.A.A.S. received fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Additional financial support was given by FAPERGS/CNPq — Programa de Apoio a Núcleos Emergentes #11/2029–1 (PRONEM).
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