doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2005.01.001
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Image segmentation and filtering based on transformations with reconstruction criteria
Iván R. Terol-Villalobosa,
,
, Jorge D. Mendiola-Santibáñezb and Sandra L. Canchola-Magdalenoc
aCIDETEQ, S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro S/N, SanFandila-Pedro Escobedo, 76700 Queretaro, Mexico
bDoctorado en Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76000, Mexico
cFacultad de Informática, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76000, Mexico
Received 16 April 2004;
accepted 27 January 2005.
Available online 23 March 2005.
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Abstract
In this paper, a class of transformations with reconstruction criteria, derived from the reconstruction transformations, is investigated. The idea to build these transformations consists in stopping the reconstruction process according to a size criterion. This class of transformations was initially proposed for obtaining intermediate results between the morphological opening and the opening by reconstruction. Here, the transformations are presented in the general case, as in the reconstruction transformations case, by imposing some conditions on the marker. We show that the set of markers for the transformations with reconstruction criteria is given by the set of dilated images. The interest of these transformations in image segmentation is shown, and in particular, the form of selecting the markers for segmenting images is described for binary images. Also, the use of the opening and closing with reconstruction criteria to build other morphological tools is illustrated to show the performance of these transformations. In particular, the notion of granulometry and the alternating sequential filters using openings and closings with reconstruction criteria are investigated.
Keywords: Reconstruction filters; Transformations with reconstruction criteria; Markers; Image segmentation; Image filtering
Fig. 2. (A and B) Original image and its threshold, (C) distance function and its maxima, (D) reconstruction function image, and (E) reconstruction function image showing three reconstructed images.
Fig. 3. (A and B) Reconstructed binary images, (C) contours of (A) and (B), (D) complement of the region defined by the contours in (C), and (E) interpolation of images (A) and (B) via the SKIZ of image (D).
Fig. 4. (A and B) Original image and its binary image, (C) distance function, (D) reconstruction function image using square structuring elements, (E) segmented image, (F) original image and contours of (E), and (G) saturation component (S) and contours of (E).
Fig. 5. (A) Curve of the area computed from the difference
, (B) original binary image X (skull), (C) segmented image, (D) curve of the area computed from the difference
, (E) original binary image X, and (F) Segmented image.
Fig. 6. (A) Curve of the area computed from the difference
, (B) original binary image X (leaf), and (C) segmented image.
Fig. 7. (A) Original image, (B) morphological opening, (C) opening with reconstruction criteria, (D) opening by reconstruction, and (E–G) top-hat transformations.
Fig. 8. (A) Original image, (B and C) morphological openings sizes μ1 = 10 and μ2 = 20, respectively, (D) difference γμ1(f)-γμ2(f), (E) opening γμ1 of image (D, F–I) openings with reconstruction criteria γλ,μ with λ = 3, and μ equal to 3, 9, 18, and 27, respectively.
Fig. 9. (A–C) Granulometry curves using the morphological opening, the opening by reconstruction and the opening with reconstruction criteria, respectively.
Fig. 10. (A) Original image, (B) output image computed by γλ,μ, with 82
μ
155 and λ = 11, (C) output image computed by γλ,μ, with μ = 81 and λ = 11, and (D) marker image computed by γμ, with μ = 81.
Fig. 11. (A) Lena image, (B) granulometry curves computed from Lena image using the opening by reconstruction and the opening with reconstruction criteria, (C) granulometry curves computed from Fig. 8A using the opening by reconstruction and the opening with reconstruction criteria, respectively.
Fig. 12. (A) Original image, (B) alternating filter
with μ = 25, (C) ASF γ4
4γ3
3γ2
2γ1
1 (f), (D) alternating filter γλ,μ
λ,μ with μ = 25 and λ = 4, (E) ASF γ4,μ
4,μγ3,μ
3,μγ2,μ
2,μγ1,μ
1,μ (f) with μ = 25, and (F) ASF γ4,μ
4,μγ2,μ
2,μ (f).