Original articleThe association between arthritis and psychiatric disorders; results from a longitudinal population-based study
Introduction
Arthritis is a common disease. Several types of arthritis can be distinguished, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and soft-tissue rheumatism. Arthritis affects the musculoskeletal system and in particular the joints. Pain, stiffness, inflammation and tissue damage are arthritis-related problems. The disease leads to joint weakness and instability. More women than men have arthritis, and the prevalence increases with age [1]. The 12-month prevalence of arthritis is estimated to be 6.5% [2]. Arthritis accounts for substantial health care, work disability and economic costs [1], [3].
Various psychiatric and physical conditions are known to co-occur frequently with arthritis (depression, back–neck pain, migraine, asthma, cardiovascular disorders and peptic ulcer) [1], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The association between arthritis and depression has been repeatedly demonstrated in cross-sectional studies [10], [11], [12], [13]. It should be noted that most of these studies refer to rheumatoid arthritis. There is a paucity of studies on the association between osteoarthritis and psychiatric conditions. Until recently, other psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and substance use disorders, received little attention. However, studies are appearing to suggest that arthritis is also associated with anxiety disorders [1], [14], [15]. Recently, the first large-scale population-based assessment of the frequency and association of mood and anxiety disorders with arthritis was published [16]. The key finding of this study was that mood and anxiety disorders have similar associations with arthritis [16].
A weakness of these cross-sectional studies is that the temporal ordering of the onset of arthritis and depressive or anxiety disorders remains unclear. To our knowledge, population-based longitudinal research, necessary to disentangle the temporal ordering of the relationship between arthritis and psychiatric disorders, is lacking. In a review article, based on available literature from 1980 through 2000, the causality of the relationship between chronic pain (a large variety of heterogeneous clinical conditions) and psychopathology was assessed [17]. It was concluded that no single theoretical model can fully explain the causal relationship between the two [17]. In some studies it was found that psychiatric disorders are an antecedent to chronic pain, in other studies a consequence of chronic pain [17].
To understand the causality of the relationship between arthritis and psychiatric disorders, prospective studies are needed that can disentangle longitudinally the causality of the relationship between arthritis and psychiatric disorders. In this article, this information is provided. As it is likely that the incidence of psychiatric disorders declines with age and the incidence of arthritis increases with age, it seems essential to also examine the age-specific curves of (1) arthritis onset rates among persons with and without any psychiatric disorder and (2) psychiatric disorder onset rates among persons with and without arthritis. This information is also provided in this article. The research questions to be answered are:
- 1)
Is there a cross-sectional association of mood and anxiety disorders with arthritis?
- 2)
Does the presence of arthritis predict onset of mood and anxiety disorders over a 3-year follow-up period?
- 2a)
What is the relationship between age and incidence of any psychiatric disorder among respondents with and without arthritis?
- 3)
Does the presence of mood and/or anxiety disorder predict the development of arthritis over a 2-year follow-up period?
- 3a)
What is the relationship between age and incidence of arthritis among respondents with and without any psychiatric disorder?
Section snippets
Sampling procedure
Data from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) were used [18]. NEMESIS (see Ref. [18], for a detailed description of the objectives of this study) is a population-based study with repeated measurements among the same respondents in 1996 (T0), 1997 (T1) and 1999 (T2). A stratified, random sampling procedure was utilized. First, a sample was drawn from 90 Dutch municipalities, stratified by urbanicity and sufficiently distributed over the 12 provinces of the
Sociodemographic variables
The 12-month prevalence estimate of arthritis was 7.6% (Table 1). More women than men had arthritis. The prevalence of arthritis increased with age. Lower educational level, living with a partner, being unemployed and being a housewife/man were also related to higher prevalence estimate of arthritis. Urbanicity was not related.
Cross-sectional relationship between arthritis and psychiatric disorders
First, the cross-sectional relationship between arthritis and psychiatric disorders was assessed. To get an indication of the severity of the mental health status among
Discussion
This article provides the first longitudinal population-based assessment of the temporal relationship between arthritis and various psychiatric disorders. The study also adds to current knowledge on cross-sectional associations between arthritis and mood and anxiety disorders.
The key findings are that persons with arthritis are more likely to have psychiatric disorders. The strength of the association of arthritis with mood and anxiety disorders was similar. These results are consistent with
Acknowledgments
NEMESIS was supported by the Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports of the Netherlands.
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