Modeling of dimensionally graded magnetoelectric energy harvester

doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.10.145

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Volume 383, 1 June 2015, Pages 246-249

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.10.145 Get rights and content

Abstract

The magnetoelectric behavior of a dual-phase dimensionally graded magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composite is modeled in this article. The cantilever is formed by piezoelectric macro-fiber composite bonded to a Ni cantilever. Theoretical estimates show a large magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of 100 V/(cm Oe) at electromechanical resonance frequency. An additive effect was realized when an acceleration and magnetic field was applied to the structure simultaneously. Applied magnetic field of 10 Oe and shaker acceleration of 0.02 g induce the approximately equal output voltage of 20–35 V.

Introduction

Magnetoelectrics are materials that become electrically polarized in an applied magnetic field and magnetized in an applied electric field. Magnetoelectrics are potentially applicable in magnetic field sensors and magnetoelectric transducers due to their intrinsic effect of conversion between magnetic and electric fields. Single-phase materials cannot be used in any application since they have very weak magnetoelectric (ME) coupling and their operating temperatures are usually below the room temperature. It is reasonable to develop two-phase composite materials by using the product property of the magnetostrictive effect in a magnetostrictive phase and the piezoelectric effect in a piezoelectric phase [1]. This is enabled since a magnetic field applied to such a magnetoelectric composite induces a strain in the magnetostrictive phase that is transferred into the piezoelectric phase to generate a piezoelectric voltage or charge proportional to the applied magnetic field.

Piezoelectric cantilever based structures are widely used in vibration energy harvesters as they show low operating frequency that can be tuned by using the tip mass [2], [3]. Piezoelectric and ME coupling in ME composites result in a summation of output voltages induced by both mechanical and magnetic excitations. This suggests using the ME composites including the structures with dual mode operation regime in energy-harvesting applications [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. The energy collection and conversion effectiveness are expected to be enhanced under magnetic and mechanical excitation. Because the ME effect in composites is due to mechanically coupled piezoelectric and magnetostrictive subsystems, it sharply increases in the vicinity of the electromechanical resonance (EMR) frequency [1].

We report a theoretical model for a magnetoelectric energy harvesting structure that can simultaneously scavenge magnetic and vibration energy. The structure considered is designed by combining a Ni unimorph and bilayer of piezoelectric microfiber composite (MFC) and Ni in a cantilever configuration as in Fig. 1 [9]. The MFC is extremely flexible, allowing it to be bonded to structures that have curved surface without fear of accidental breakage or additional surface treatmentas is the case with monolithic piezoceramic materials. Additionally the MFC uses interdigitated electrodes that capitalize on the higher piezoelectric coupling coefficient d₃₃ which enables producing the higher forces and strain than typical monolithic piezoceramic materials. Ni has been incorporated into ME laminate composites as the magnetostrictive phase. The Ni beam plays two important roles in this configuration: (i) a magnetostrictive phase in the ME laminate, (ii) a magnetic-field-active cantilever for the piezoelectric bender [9].

Section snippets

Theoretical modeling

An in-plane bias field is assumed to be applied to magnetostrictive component to provide the strong piezomagnetic coupling and avoid the demagnetizing field. The thickness of the plate is assumed to be small compared to remaining dimensions. Moreover, the plate width is assumed small compared to its length. In that case, we can consider only one component of strain and stress tensors in the EMR region. Theoretical modeling rests on the assumption that the sample undergoes the superposition of

Conclusions

In this paper, a theoretical study of the ME effect in a two-phase dimensionally graded magnetostrictive-piezoelectric structure. The composite is formed by the series-connected magnetostrictive-piezoelectric bilayer and a magnetic plate. Theory predicts a large magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of 100 V/(cm Oe) at electromechanical resonance frequency. We show that the generated electric energy is sum effect from magnetoelectric and piezoelectric contributions. It is shown that the applied

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science within the framework of a State Order and RFBR research project #13-02-98801. The authors (Y. Z. and S. P.) also thank the Office of Basic Energy Science, Department of Energy (DE-FG02-06ER46290) and Office of Naval Research for supporting the research through Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems.

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Modeling of dimensionally graded magnetoelectric energy harvester

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Theoretical modeling

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Adv. Cond. Matter Phys.

Smart Mater. Struct.

J. Electroceram.

App. Phys. Lett.