Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats
Introduction
In recent times, many medicinal plants continue to provide valuable therapeutic agents for the treatment of ulcers both in modern medicine and by the traditional system throughout the world. Since chemical compounds are known to have undesirable side-effects, the present study focused on natural products.
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Wall. Ex. Wight (family: Vitaceae) is an edible plant, commonly known as “bone setter” found in hotter parts of India, Ceylon, East Africa and Malaysia and Thailand. Cissus quadrangularis is used as a common food supplement in southern India. Stem parts of Cissus quadrangularis were collected from Native Care and Cure Center, India and were duly authenticated by Dr. P. Brindha, Pharmacology Department, Captain Srinivasa Murthy Drug Research Institute, Arumbakkam, Chennai 600106. A voucher specimen PP. 502 has been deposited in the department.
The stout fleshy quadrangular stem is traditionally used for the treatment of gastritis, bone fractures, skin infections, constipations, eye diseases, piles, anemia, asthma, irregular menstruation, burns and wounds (Asolkar et al., 1992, Kritikar and Basu, 2000). Cissus quadrangularis has potent fracture healing property, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antioxidative, cholinergic activity and beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases (Udupa and Prasad, 1964, Subbu, 1970, Anoop and Jagdeesan, 2002, Murthy et al., 2003, Jainu and Devi, 2003). Previously, we have demonstrated that methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis possesses antiulcer and cytoprotective property in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury (Jainu and Devi, 2004). Due to its widespread health use and pharmacologic actions, this study will highlight the health promoting and therapeutic effects of Cissus quadrangularis.
The phytochemical analysis of the plant showed the presence of Vitamin C, β-carotene, two asymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoids, β-sitosterol, α-amyrin, α-amyrone and three stillbene derivatives, quadrangularins A, B, C, etc. (Chopra et al., 1956, Attawish et al., 2002).
Some experimental studies have demonstrated that oxygen-generated free radicals derived from infiltrated neutrophils and enhanced lipid peroxidation play important roles in the pathogenesis of acute gastric lesions induced by aspirin (Konturek et al., 1994). Substances that are able to hinder their formation or capture the free oxygen radicals formed are thus potential antiulcerogenic agents.
These facts form the basis for a study of whether the antioxidant mechanisms are involved in CQE mediated protection in aspirin-induced gastric damage. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of CQE on neutrophil infiltration tissue injury induced by aspirin in order to reveal the mechanism underlying the antiulcer effect of the plant.
Section snippets
Preparation of alcoholic extract
Dried parts of Cissus quadrangularis were coarsely powdered and 1 kg of this powdered plant material was soaked in ethanol for 48 h and extracted by soxhlet extraction. The extract was vacuum dried and was stored at −4 °C until further use. The yield of the extract was 5.2% (w/w) of powdered ethanolic extract. For administration, the extract was dissolved in distilled water and used for the present study.
Animals
Male albino rats’ weighing 150–200 g were purchased from Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary
Results
Rats that received oral doses of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg, did not manifest any clinical signs of toxicity. None of the doses tested could produce mortality in rats during the treatment period. In tests on rats, we found that doses of CQE up to 5 g/kg were non-toxic and we were unable to establish its oral LD50 value.
Aspirin administered rats showed multiple gastric mucosal lesions, most often 1–2 mm in size or petechial, bleeding at the moment of the observation. The CQE showed significant
Discussion
The results of this study demonstrate that the CQE possesses antiulcer property as evidenced by its significant inhibition in the formation of gastric lesions induced by aspirin. The acute toxicity tests on rats showed that doses of CQE up to 5 g/kg were non-toxic and the oral LD50 value might be higher than this dose.
Aspirin caused rise in the lipid peroxidation status possibly due to the activation of neutrophils, which play an important role in the damaging activity (Yoshikawa et al., 1992).
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Dr. P. Brindha for his expert comments and suggestions in regard to this work.
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