Original ArticleSelf-reported stroke and myocardial infarction had adequate sensitivity in a population-based prospective study JPHC (Japan Public Health Center)–based Prospective Study
Introduction
Self-reported information on cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as stroke or myocardial infarction (MI), has been often used in cohort studies to exclude individuals with prevalent CVD or to capture incident CVD events. Although several Western studies have reported the accuracy of self-reports, reports of the sensitivity of self-reported CVD has been limited in Japan, where the case mix of incident CVD is quite different from Western countries, with high incidence of stroke, especially hemorrhagic and lacunar stroke, but low incidence of MI or large-artery occlusive stroke [1], [2]. Furthermore, the saturation level of computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Japanese hospitals is the highest in the world [3], which may permit Japanese physicians to easily detect small cerebral infarctions. The severity and fatality of MI in Japan is considered to be lower than that in Western countries [4], [5], [6]. These ecological differences, that is, higher proportion and detectability of mild stroke and lower proportion of severe MI, may lower the sensitivity of self-reported stroke and MI compared with Western countries. However, data on this issue among non-Western countries have been scant.
We thus examined the accuracy of self-reported stroke and MI in a cohort of middle-aged Japanese. The Japan Public Health Center–based prospective Study on cancer and CVDs (JPHC Study) [7] is a nationwide community-based prospective study of approximately 100,000 Japanese participants, with systematic surveillance of cancer, stroke, and MI. Previously, the sensitivity of self-reported cancer in this cohort was reported [8]. The aim of this study was to clarify the accuracy of self-reported incident stroke and MI over 10 years in the general Japanese population. We focused particularly on the sensitivity of self-reported stroke and MI as the primary aim of this study, because not many studies have reported sensitivity of these diseases [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
Section snippets
Study population
Details of the JPHC Study protocol were described elsewhere [7]. Briefly, the JPHC Study included two local community cohorts based on Public Health Center (PHC) areas in Japan; Cohort I (started in 1990, with four PHC areas: Ninohe PHC area, northeastern Japan; Yokote PHC area, northeastern Japan; Saku PHC area, central Japan; and Ishikawa [currently Chubu] PHC area, southwestern isolated island), and Cohort II (started in 1993, with five PHC areas: Kasama [currently Mito] PHC area,
Results
During the 10-year follow-up, 2,760 first-ever strokes and 591 first-ever MIs were registered. Of these, 767 strokes (28%) and 151 MIs (26%) were fatal during follow-up, and 546 nonfatal strokes (20%) and 98 nonfatal MIs (17%) did not respond to the 10-year follow-up questionnaire. These cases were excluded from the analyses. Thus, 1,447 strokes and 342 MIs with 10-year follow-up questionnaires were included in the analysis.
Table 1 presents the sensitivity and positive predictive values for
Discussion
Sensitivities of self-reported stroke and MI were 73% and 82%, respectively, in the present study. This estimate for MI improved after including self-reported angina pectoris (89%), but with a large increase in false positives. Sensitivity was higher for subarachnoid hemorrhage than other subtypes of stroke.
The sensitivities in the present study were somewhat lower than those reported from most of the previous Western studies, in particular, for stroke. For example, a study from Olmsted County
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mizue Fujii, Tomoko Seki, Keiko Nemoto, and Dr. ChoyLye Chei, University of Tsukuba, for technical assistances, and all staff members in each study area and those in the central office for their painstaking efforts to conduct the baseline survey and follow-up. The authors also appreciate Prof. Aaron R. Folsom, University of Minnesota, for valuable comments.
Members of the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study Group (JPHC Study Group, the principal investigator: S
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