ReviewThe contributory role of lymphocyte subsets, pathophysiology of lymphopenia and its implication as prognostic and therapeutic opportunity in COVID-19
Graphical abstract
Keywords
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Lymphocytes
Lymphopenia
Prognosis
Pathophysiology
Abbreviations
ACE2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
JAK
Janus kinase
ADE
Antibody-dependent enhancement
MAPK
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
AHF
Acute heart failure
MHC-II
Major histocompatibility complex-class II
AID
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
MSCs
Mesenchymal stem cells
AIM assays
Analysis of activation induced marker
NK cell
Natural killer cell
ALC
Atypical lymphocytes
NKG2A
Natural killer G2A
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
NKG2D
Natural killer G2D
BALF
Broncho alveolar lavage fluid
NLR
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
Bcl-6
B cell lymphoma 6
PB
Peripheral blood
CAR-NK
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK cell
PD-1
Programmed cell death protein 1
CM T cell
Central memory T cells
PLR
Platelet to lymphocyte ratio
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease-19
RBD
Receptor-binding domain
CRP
C-reactive protein
SARS-CoV
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
cTFH
Circulating follicular helper T cells
sCD25
Soluble CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor)
DI
Dengue infection
SGLT2
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
EM T cell
Effector memory T cells
SOS1
Son of sevenless homolog 1
FACS
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
SP
Spike protein
FasL
Fas ligand
STAT
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
FoxP3
Forkhead box P3
TCR
T cell receptor
GrA
Granzyme A
TFH
T follicular helper cells
GrB
Granzyme B
TH1
T helper type 1
ICS
Intracellular cytokine staining
TIM-3
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3
ICU
Intensive care unit
TLM
Time to lymphocyte model
Ig
Immunoglobulin
TNF-α
Tumor necrosis factor-α
IL
Interleukin
Tregs
Regulatory T cells
IL-2Ra
Interleukin-2 receptor alpha
WHO
World health organization
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
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