International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
Creep fracture mechanics parameters for internal axial surface cracks in pressurized cylinders and creep crack growth analysis
Highlights
► Existing empirical equations of C∗-integral for surface cracks may be inaccurate. ► Systematic FE results of C∗-integral from 96 cases are tabulated and formulated. ► Maximum C∗-integral may not occur at deepest/surface point if a/c is large enough. ► The value of C∗-integral is significantly sensitive to the crack depth ratio. ► Crack profile development, crack size and remaining life prediction are obtained.
Introduction
Crack-like defects are inevitably generated in most metal materials and components during the manufacturing process or in service. To assess the safety of the structures containing surface flaws, the knowledge of surface crack growth is very essential which includes the fracture parameters along the crack front and the shape variation, to which considerable efforts have been devoted. Assuming a maintaining semi-elliptical profile, Raju and Newman [1] proposed a two-degree-of-freedom method, for the first time, to perform surface crack growth in plates. Furthermore, Lin and Smith [2], [3] performed a multiple-degree-of-freedom method using numerical calculation to obtain the stress intensity factor along the crack front and predict the next defect geometry. In much the same way, Kayser et al. [4] employed a similar FE method in discussing the Leak Before Break (LBB) procedure. It is noteworthy that K, stress intensity factor (SIF), was employed as the parameter to characterize the crack growth in all the above-mentioned literature.
With the advent of post-industrial civilization, higher operating temperatures and pressures have been adopted to improve the efficiency of energy conversion systems, which increase the risk of structure failure in creep regime [5], [6]. Thus far, ample experimental evidences have suggested that K or J-integral is not appropriate for interpretation of crack growth rate under creep conditions, and yet for steady state creep, the rate-dependent parameter C*-integral is much more applicable [7], [8]. In addition, the C*-integral can be obtained from creep displacement rate by experiment [9]. On the basis of previous work, Kim et al. [10], [11] proposed an optimized reference stress method to estimate the C*-integral for surface cracks in cylinders. Yoon et al. [12] suggested an estimation equation to calculate the C*-integral value and then to assess the creep crack growth life, as well as to predict the evolution of creep crack shape. However, comparisons of different published C*-integral results for a surface crack show large discrepancies and thus the reliability is still questionable. Such a lack of confidence is believed to result from the low availability of systematic FE results of C*-integral in the past.
In this paper, C*-integrals for surface cracks in an internally pressurized cylinder estimated by various methods are validated with the FE results in Section 3. C*-integral solutions from detailed 3D FE analysis are presented in Section 4. Based on these solutions, an approximate expression of the C*-integral for points along the crack front is proposed. Furthermore, the creep growth behavior of the semi-elliptical surface cracks with various initial aspect ratios is analyzed through a step-by-step procedure in Section 5.
Section snippets
Geometrical description of the model
A low alloy Cr–Mo steel cylinder containing a semi-elliptical internal crack subjected to uniform internal pressure is considered, as shown in Fig. 1. L represents half length of the cylinder, Ri and Ro denote inner and outer radius respectively, t is thickness, Pi is internal pressure, a is crack depth, c is half crack length, and is angular parameter defining the crack front position.
Elasticity-secondary creep and creep fracture parameter
The time-dependent deformation characteristics for low alloy Cr–Mo steel can be described by the following
Comparison of fracture mechanics parameters
The numerical simulation in this study is based on the general-purpose FE code ABAQUS [16]. As shown in Fig. 1, a pressurized cylinder with 418 mm outer radius (Ro), 380 mm inner radius (Ri) and 38 mm thickness (t), under an internal pressure (Pi) of 6.2 MPa, is chosen for FE computations in this section. The internal pressure is applied to the inside face of the cylinder and to the crack face, together with the corresponding axial tension load to the cylinder end. To avoid the influence of
FE results and discussion of creep influence functions
To obtain systematic FE results of C*-integral, a total of 96 cases for a wide range of geometry and material parameters are performed in the present study. The typical geometry model and meshed model are depicted in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 respectively. It is believed that three variables (the crack depth ratio, a/t; the crack aspect ratio, a/c; and the ratio of the inner radius of the cylinder to the thickness, Ri/t) related to the geometry affect the C*-integral. To cover practical ranges of these
Predictions of creep crack growth
In the analysis of the surface crack growth, a low alloy Cr–Mo steel cylinder (Ri = 380 mm, t = 38 mm, Pi = 6.2 MPa) containing a semi-elliptical internal crack subjected to uniform internal pressure is considered, as shown in Fig. 1. The initial crack geometry is detailed in Table 5. With regard to the material properties [12], creep coefficient A is 7.04 × 10−25 MPa−n/h, creep exponent n is 9.9, creep crack growth coefficient C is 5.903 × 10−2, and creep crack growth exponent q is 0.714.
Conclusions
In the present study, C*-integrals for a semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized cylinder estimated by various existing methods are validated with the FE method. A total of 96 cases for wide practical ranges of geometry and material parameters are performed to obtain systematic FE results of C*-integral, which are tabulated and formulated in this paper. Based upon the proposed equations for estimating C*-integral and a step-by-step analysis procedure, crack profile development, crack depth,
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract No. 50835003) and supported by MOE Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, ECUST. The first author would like to thank Prof. Yun-Jae Kim from Korea University for his helpful advice in ICPVT-12.
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