Comparative pharmaceutical evaluation of brand and generic clobetasone butyrate ointments
Graphical abstract
Introduction
In Japan, political measures that recommend the use of generic medicines from the point of view of medical cost reduction have been introduced in recent years. However, the spread of generic products has been delayed because of dissatisfaction and anxiety among pharmacists, and a lack of patient awareness of generics (Yanagihara et al., 2009, Sakurai et al., 2011), as well as differences in knowledge of pharmaceutical properties of generic medicines between pharmacists and doctors (Shibata et al., 2011). Thus, to select the appropriate generic medicines, pharmacists should actively disclose information about the pharmaceutical characteristics, which not only include medicine efficacy, but also the uniformity of active ingredient and additives, product use and pharmacokinetic properties, to doctors and patients.
According to the “Bioequivalence test guidelines for the generic medicine application of topical skin preparations in Japan” issued by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, bioequivalence testing of generic topical agents has been set based on the characteristics of the medicine products (http://www.nihs.go.jp/drug/be-guide/GL061124_hifu.pdf). Thus, there are no clear standards for pharmaceutical properties such as viscosity and quality of additives used in the product. As a result, if there are generic medicines having completely different properties from the original medicine, adverse effects such as unexpected allergies not seen in the original medicines may occur.
Microscopic imaging systems that employ X-ray fluorescence, infrared, near infrared, terahertz, raman and various other spectroscopic techniques have recently become very useful analytical tools in the fields of pharmaceutical design and quality control. The information obtained by these technologies has been used to evaluate generic products and medicines purchased on the internet (Veronin and Youan, 2004, Westenberger et al., 2005). Many studies have been conducted to investigate the distribution and blend uniformity of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients in powders (Abhay et al., 2004, Bellamy et al., 2008, Li et al., 2008, Ma and Anderson, 2008, Shi et al., 2008). We have successfully analyzed semi-solid products using attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, and reported that the distribution of active and inactive ingredients differs between innovator and generic products of alclometasone dipropionate ointment, a liquid droplet dispersion-type ointment (Yamamoto et al., 2012a).
On the other hand, significant differences in rheological properties have been observed between white petrolatum grades (Pandy and Ewing, 2008), suggesting the importance of understanding the properties of the base used in ointment products.
We investigated the spreadability of clobetasone butylate (CLB) ointments products using a spread meter, and reported that the yield value of Kindavate®, an original product, was significantly higher than that of three generic ointments (Yamamoto et al., 2012b). CLB ointment products, which are used primarily as anti-inflammatory preparations for conditions such as atopic dermatitis, can be used even in children in Japan as a steroidal ointment. In addition, some generic versions are currently available on the market. Therefore, objectively determining the pharmaceutical properties of ointment products is more effective from the point of view of proper medicine use.
In the present study, we observed the microscopic properties of CLB ointment products by using microscopic infrared spectroscopy and polarization microscopy. Next, we studied the rheological characteristics of CLB ointment products by viscometer, and performed identification of white petrolatum used as a base by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) method. In addition to these studies, we performed skin permeation studies of CLB by using the skin of hairless mice, in order to study the degree of efficacy among products. Then, we comprehensively evaluated the results obtained from these studies, and tried to pharmaceutically clarify the differences among CLB ointment products.
Section snippets
Reagents
The CLB ointments Kindavate® Ointment (lot. 10057), an original medicine product by Glaxo Smithkline K. K. (Tokyo, Japan), Kinglon® Ointment (lot. TIC02), Mildvate® Ointment (lot. Y9301) and Paldes® Ointment (lot. 80117) 0.05%, generic versions by Tatsumi Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Ishikawa, Japan), Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Toyama, Japan) and Iwaki Seiyaku Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), respectively, were analyzed.
Sun White®, Propeto®, White Petrolatum (JP, Kenei), White Petrolatum (JP, Kosakai)
Microscopy of CLB ointment products
We reported that spherocrystals, approximately 50 μm in diameter, were observed in Kindavate® on polarization microscopic observation (Fukami et al., 2006). Spherocrystals were also observed in the present study (Fig. 1a). On the other hand, crystal images of the active ingredient were observed in all of the generic products, but the spherocrystals seen in Kindavate® were not observed (Fig. 1b–d).
Spherocrystals were not observed in any of the white petrolatums either, despite microscopic
Conclusion
In the present study, we performed a comprehensive pharmaceutical evaluation among CLB ointment products. Differences were observed between the original and generic products with regard to the quality of white petrolatum and rheological properties, but not in the distribution of pharmaceutical ingredients and the accumulation of CLB in the skin tissue. Moreover, the GC/MS method is useful for the discrimination of white petrolatum.
The products are mixed systems composed of multiple components,
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