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0.05) among the brands and within the brand were observed for all of the prominent flavanone glucosides. Within the brand, juice types containing added antioxidant vitamins C and E were not superior in flavonoid content compared to orange juice types devoid of added antioxidant vitamins. Total flavonoid content of MFC orange juices (53 mg/100 mL; 
doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2007.12.007 
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Received 27 June 2007;
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Abstract
Modern theories of sales make conflicting predictions about the temporal pattern of sales, which we test using grocery scanner data. We examine both frozen orange juice, which consumers can store, and refrigerated orange juice, which is more perishable, to determine what role—if any—durability plays in the pattern of sales. We examine (1) whether sales are more frequent for national brands than for private label brands; (2) whether manufacturers, retailers, or others determine sales; (3) the distribution of prices; (4) whether sales and their effects differ for durable (frozen) or nondurable (refrigerated) products; and (5) the temporal ordering of sales. We use correlations, runs tests, probit regressions, and vector-autoregressive analyses to test our hypotheses. Some of our more striking findings are that retailers rather than manufacturers determine sales, private labels have sales as often as national brands, and that a sale of a national brand is more likely to “cause” sales of other products than is a sale of a private label product.
Keywords: Sales; Price promotions; Causality
JEL classification codes: L11; L81; M31
Article Outline
- 1. Sales theories
- 2. Data
- 3. Testing hypotheses 1–4: frequencies, correlations, and distributions
- 3.1. Hypothesis 1: frequencies of sales
- 3.2. Hypothesis 2: correlations of sales across stores
- 3.3. Hypotheses 3 and 4: price distributions
- 4. Testing hypothesis 5: timing of sales
- 4.1. Hypotheses 5A–5C: runs tests and counts
- 4.2. Hypothesis 5D: probit analyses
- 4.3. Hypotheses 5A–5F: temporal ordering of sales
- 4.4. Granger causality tests
- 4.5. Impulse response functions
- 5. Conclusions
- Appendix
- References
” indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis at the 5% level.