Fig. 1. ¹³C NMR spectra of GGM (A) and GGM-SO₄ (B) (D₂O at 50 °C, chemical shifts are expressed in ppm).

Fig. 2. Effect of GGM-SO₄ on the tail transection bleeding time in rat. The left jugular vein of animals was cannulated for intravenous injection of GGM-SO₄ (0.5–2 mg kg⁻¹) (hatched columns), vehicle (PBS) (filled columns), or heparin (25–100 μg kg⁻¹) (open columns). After 5 min, bleeding was induced by section of the extremity of the tail 3 mm from the tip. The tails were blotted with tissue paper every 30 s and the time to cessation of bleeding was noted. For each treatment group, the mean bleeding time ± S.D. was determined for n = 6/group. Statistical significance compared to control values is denoted by asterisks where ^*p < 0.05 vs. controls, Tukey's tests.

Fig. 3. Effects of GGM-SO₄ on the stasis-induced venous thrombosis model. After cannulation, the abdomen of each animal was opened surgically and the abdominal vena cava was exposed, all its side-branches were ligated between the left renal and femoral veins. The GGM-SO₄ (0.25–2 mg kg⁻¹) (hatched columns), heparin (25–100 μg kg⁻¹) (open columns) or vehicle (PBS) (filled columns) was administered. After 5 min, thrombus formation was induced by the injection by thromboplastin (10 mg kg⁻¹) followed 10 s later by stasis of a 1 cm segment of the abdominal vein cava, which was maintained for 20 min. The formed thrombus was removed, immediately blotted twice on paper and weighed. For each treatment group (n = 6) the mean thrombus weight ± S.D. was determined. Statistical significance compared to control values is denoted by asterisks where ^*p < 0.05 vs. controls, Tukey's tests.

Analysis of O-methylated alditol acetates obtained from methylated polysaccharides

Anticoagulant activity measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) assays

Results are expressed as means (n = 6).