Satisfaction with the access to the health services of the people with chronic conditions in Estonia
Introduction
The main goal of every health system is to improve the population's health. When individuals interact with the health system, it influences their well being through improvements in health. People's well being and satisfaction with the health system are also related to the way they are treated, how easily they get the health services needed, and the environment where they are treated [1]. One particular group of the population who needs and uses many and various health services are people with disabilities and chronic conditions and the elderly [2], [3], [4]. Chronic conditions are increasingly the primary concern of health care systems throughout the world [5]. Chronic conditions are the leading reasons why people seek medical care, yet the current health care systems may not address the needs of those people [3], [6], [7], [8]. It has been argued that health care systems are mostly designed for acute care, and patients with acute symptoms and concerns may crowd out the less urgent needs of chronic patients [9]. Also, in several studies people with chronic conditions have been found to be less satisfied with the quality as well as the access to health services [3], [10], [11], [12]. The reasons for dissatisfaction might be limited access to health services, dissatisfaction with the costs of care, or also the fragmentation of care, the lack of continuity and the coordination of care for chronically ill people [10], [12], [13], [14], [15].
In different health systems the solutions how patients with chronic diseases are handled may be different. Before the 1990s, the Estonian health care system was rather specialist-oriented, and people with chronic diseases were mostly treated by specialists. Within the reorganised primary health care (PHC) system since the early 1990s PHC doctors have taken over a number of responsibilities which earlier belonged to the area of specialised outpatient care, including management of the care of chronically ill people. The implementation of gate-keeping functions of PHC doctors, as well as the patient list system, also changed the principles of care of chronic patients. The role of specialists in the management of chronic patients is mostly defined as a consultant, and most patients who need to see specialists need referrals from their family doctors (FD). A referral from a FD is not obligatory if the specialised medical care is provided in connection with an injury, tuberculosis, eye disease, dermatological or venereal disease or in the case when gynaecological or psychiatric care is provided [16]. To guarantee access to the health services, the Estonian Health Insurance Fund (EHIF) has established the standards for waiting time for the FD, as well as for outpatient specialised care. According to the contracts concluded between the providers of health services and the EHIF, FDs should be available in one working day for patients with acute diseases and in three working days for patients with chronic diseases. The scheduled appointment time for specialised outpatient care should be no longer than 4 weeks.
As demonstrated in previous studies, the Estonian people have accepted the new PHC system, and during the first years after the formal implementation of the PHC reform, satisfaction rate with family doctors has increased [17], [18], [19]. Access to PHC services is good, for elderly and people of the lower social class as well [4]. Improved management of some chronic conditions by family doctors has been found [20]. However, the results of another study demonstrated that large differences in the use of health services were observed in relation to socio-economic status, with a more favourable socio-economic status being associated with a higher probability of using health care services which may indicate the possibility of limited access [21].
Assurance of the availability of high-quality health services to all the persons in need of them is one of the objectives of the health policy in Estonia [22]. As it is known from previous studies, access to the health services in Estonia has been rather good in general and people have been satisfied with the services provided [4], [17]. At present, it is not known whether people with chronic conditions have the same access to the health services as others, or if they are in a more disadvantaged position in their access to health services as reported by researchers from other countries [3], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. Thus, in this study we investigated satisfaction of people with chronic conditions with access to health services and compared them to those who did not have a chronic illness. The results of this study might support the implementation of the national health policy as well as the further development of the primary health care system to improve the continuity and coordination of care.
Section snippets
Methods
In November 2005, a random sample of Estonian residents aged 15–74 were personally interviewed using structured questionnaires (n = 1446). The sample of the study was formed by self-assessment: a proportional model of the total population aged 15–74 was used, where all the respondents represented equally sized groups. A two-staged stratification was made in order to form the sample. First, the population was divided into six strata on the basis of their localisation, while the size of the sample
Sample description
Out of 1446 respondents, 419 or 29% reported having a chronic illness which had restricted their everyday life activities. Some differences existed in demographic characteristics and the health status between the respondents who had a chronic illness and those who did not (Table 2). The people who reported having a chronic illness were likelier to be women (p < 0.05), older persons (p < 0.0001), less educated (p < 0.05) and persons with lower income (p < 0.0001). Of those people who reported having a
Discussion
Chronic diseases are a major cause of death and disability worldwide. According to the WHO non-communicable diseases now account for 46% of the global burden of disease [23]. The results of the present study demonstrated that almost one-third of the Estonian adult population suffers from chronic conditions which have in some way restricted their daily activities. As expected, people with chronic conditions also reported poor health status more often compared to other respondents. Comparing to
Acknowledgements
This study design and data collection were financed by the Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia and the Estonian Health Insurance Fund. Data analysis was performed by independent researchers from the University of Tartu.
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