Fig. 1. Tree-based multicast.

Fig. 2. DINCast.

Fig. 3. The 1 hop depth in DINCast.

Fig. 4. Automatic formation of loop.

Fig. 5. Optimization of loop.

Fig. 6. Node state.

Fig. 7. DIN-Loop recovery.

Fig. 8. Effect of number of DIN-Nodes on maximum and average delay.

Fig. 9. Effect of total node number on maximum and average delay.

Fig. 10. Effect of probability for direct link on maximum and average delay.

Fig. 11. Delay ratio of getting messages from DIN-Loop over tree-based multicast.

Fig. 12. Performance improvement in retrieving messages directly from DIN-Loop.

Table 1. Loop information

Table 2. Pseudo-code for loop formation algorithm

Table 3. Improvement rate γ

Table 4. Improvement rate η

Table 5. Decision table for the rendezvous point