Substrate-dependent deposition efficiency on mirrors exposed in the TCV divertor
Introduction
Reliable optical plasma diagnostic systems will be mandatory tools for the success of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [1]. They will be used to characterise, control and understand the burning plasmas that ITER will produce and will be essential for machine protection. In contrast to conditions in today’s tokamaks, high radiation levels and neutron fluxes are expected in ITER. To minimize the possible neutron leakage, the plasma light/radiation will be transmitted by first mirrors to diagnostics through a labyrinth embedded in the shielding material [2]. This arrangement has the advantage of recessing the vacuum windows or the optical fibres located at the end of the labyrinth some metres away from the zone of intense radiation and to shield them by substantially reducing the neutron fluxes they will face. Indeed, refractive components (windows, fibres) suffer from radiation-related effects (luminescence, absorbance) which obviate their use in the vicinity of high neutron or radiation fluxes [3]. The possible deterioration of the first mirror reflectivity as a result of erosion by charge-exchange neutrals (CXN) and re-deposition of impurities on the mirror surface represents a serious concern for the reliability of spectroscopic signals.
The deterioration of the mirror reflectivity induced by these different damaging effects has been previously studied in various laboratory experiments [4], [5], [6]. Dedicated experimental programmes have also been initiated in a number of tokamaks to further address this issue [7], [8], [9], [10]. In these experiments, although erosion and deposition effects were investigated, the mirror material was thought to be of importance only under erosion conditions, where a high-Z material (like molybdenum) in the form of a single-crystal has demonstrated its ability to withstand erosion conditions with a sufficient lifetime [11]. Deposition of impurities was, however, thought to be independent of the substrate material. It has recently been shown [12] that under similar conditions the erosion/deposition patterns of various materials can be very different. This contribution provides a great deal more details on the experiment and results briefly mentioned in ref. [12] and will show clearly how the choice of substrate material can have a significant impact on the longevity of mirror surfaces in the presence of erosion/redeposition processes, such as those likely to be found in the ITER tokamak environment. These results thus have potentially important consequences for ITER first mirror material choices.
Section snippets
Design and location of the sample manipulator
The Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) is a medium sized tokamak (major radius 0.89 m, minor radius 0.25 m, vacuum toroidal field T) designed with 16 individually powered poloidal field shaping coils, allowing a huge variety of magnetic equilibria to be created in its novel, rectangular shaped vacuum vessel [13]. The latter is completely open, with no dedicated baffling structures for specific diverted plasmas. Both limiter and divertor configurations are regularly produced for
Surface analysis of the deposited material
Table 1 summarises the different materials tested, the experimental conditions (recess distance, number of tokamak shots, glow discharge conditioning time, etc.) and estimation of the deposited thickness. Evidently, only very thin layers have been found on the different samples, especially when high-Z materials (Mo, W) have been exposed. No difference in the carbon layer thickness was found when Mo and W were exposed simultaneously. The very low values found after experiment numbers 2 and 3 are
Conclusion
This paper has described the results of experiments designed to study the deposition of carbon layers formed on samples exposed in the divertor SOL of the TCV tokamak, remote from the plasma. The results demonstrate that the first mirror material choice should take into account the fact the substrate material itself plays an important role in determining the eventual thickness of any deposited layer. Indeed at the beginning of the carbon film growth, the deposition rate on a high-Z material is
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to P. Conti, J.M. Mayor and B. Joye from CRPP Lausann, for assistance in the conception, manufacture and installation of the sample manipulator. The SIMS measurements were done by U. Breuer and A. Scholl from Zentralabteilung für Chemische Analysen, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.
Financial support of the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, and of the Federal Office of energy is gratefully acknowledged. This work was partly funded by EURATOM and the Swiss
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